Abstract
Scale morphology, growth and the squarnation chronology are described for the hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus reared in the laboratory. The scales are round or oval shaped cycloid type, and their sizes are about 0.3–1.0 mm in diameter. The number of ridges increases more rapidly relative to the body growth of the fish in early stages, but this increase is proportionate to growth subsequently. Three loci of scale development have been identified. The scales first appeared on the center of the parietal region at 8 days after hatching. The second locus of scale formation was on the lateral line of the posterior end of the caudal peduncle. A third locus was later observed on the lower right corner of the operculum: The final squamation was completed at 6 weeks after hatching.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature cited
Andrews, A. K. 1970. Squamation chronology of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 99: 429–432.
Armstrong, J. G. 1973. Squamation chronology of the zebrafish (Cyprinidae), Brachydanio rerio. Copeia, 1973: 823–824.
Berry, F. H. 1960. Scale and scute development of the carangid fish, Caranx crysos (Mitchill). Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci., 23: 59–66.
Brown, C. D. J. and J. E. Bailey. 1952. Time and pattern of scale formation in Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Salmo clarkii lewisi). Traps. Amer. Microsc. Soc., 71: 120–124.
Chaptoton, R. B. 1967. Scale development in the Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 96: 60–62.
Conley, J. M. and A. Witt. Jr. 1966. The origin and development of scales in the flier, Centrarchus macropterus (Lacepède). Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 95: 433–434.
Cooper, J. A. 1971. Scale development as related to growth of juvenile black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus Lesueur. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 100: 570–572.
Elson, P. F. 1939. Order of appearance of scales in speckled trout. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 4: 302–308.
Franklin, D. R. and L. L. Smith. Jr. 1960. Notes on development of scale patterns in northern pike, Esox lucius L. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 89: 83.
Fukuhara, O. and T. Fushimi. 1984. Squamation of larval greenling Hexagrammos otakii (Pisces: Hexagrammidae) reared in the laboratory. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish., 50: 759–761.
Harder, W. 1975. Anatomy of fishes. E. Schweizerbartsche Verlag., Stuttgart, xii+612 pp.
Harrington, R. W., Jr. 1958. Morphometry and ecology of small tarpon, Megalops atlantica Valenciennes, from transitional stage through onset of scale formation. Copeia, 1958: 1–10.
Harrington, R. W., Jr. 1961. Oviparous hermaphroditic fish with internal self fertilization. Science, 134: 1749–1750.
Harrington, R.W., Jr. 1963. Twenty-four-hour rhythms of internal self-fertilization and oviposition by hermaphrodites of Rivulus marmoratus. Physiol. Zool., 36: 325–341.
Harrington, R. W., Jr. 1967. Environmentally controlled induction of primary male gonochorists from eggs of the self-fertilizing hermaphroditic fish, Rivulus marmoratus Poey. Biol. Bull., 132: 184–199.
Harrington, R. W., Jr. 1968. Delimitation of the thermolabile phenocritical period of sex determination and differentiation in the ontogeny of the normally hermaphroditic fish, Rivulus marmoratus Poey. Physiol. Zool., 41: 447–460.
Harrington, R. W., Jr. 1971. How ecological and genetic factors interact to determine when self fertilizing hermaphrodites of Rivulus marmoratus change into functional secondary male, with a reappraisal of the modes of intersexuality among fishes. Copeia, 1971: 389–432.
Harrington, R. W., Jr. 1975. Sex determination and differentiation among uniparental homozygotes of the hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus (Cyprinodontidae: Atheriniformes). Pages 249–262 in R. Reinboth, ed. Intersexuality in the animal kingdom. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Harrington, R. W., Jr. and R. A. Crossman, Jr. 1976. Temperature induced meristic variation among three homozygous genotypes (clones) of the self-fertilizing fish Rivulus marmoratus. Can. J. Zool., 54: 1431–1455.
Harrington, R. W., Jr. and K. D. Kallman. 1968. The homozygosity of clones of the self-fertilizing hermaphroditic fish, Rivulus marmoratus Poey (Cyprinodontidae, Atheriniformes). Amer. Nat., 102: 337–343.
Hoagman, W. J. 1970. Early scale development, on the Great Lakes coregonids, Coregonus artedii and C. kivi. Pages 329–436 in C. C. Lindsey and C. S. Woods, eds. Biology of coregonid fishes. Univ. of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg.
Kallman, K. D. and R. W. Harrington, Jr. 1964. Evidence for the existence of homozygous clones in the self-fertilizing hermaphroditic teleost Rivulus marmoratus Poey. Biol. Bull., 126: 101–114.
McCrimmon, H. R. and U. B. Swee. 1967. Scale formation as related to growth and development of young carp, Cyprinus carpio L. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 24: 47–51.
Neave, F. 1943. Scale pattern and scale counting methods in relating to certain trout and other salmonids. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 30: 55–72.
Park, E.-H. and D. S. Kim. 1984 a. Hepatocarcinogenicity of diethylnitrosamine to the self-fertilizing hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus (Teleostomi; Cyprinodontidae). J. Natn. Cancer Inst., 73: 871–876.
Park, E.-H. and D. S. Kim. 1984 b. A procedure for staining cartilage and bone of whole vertebrate larvae while rendering all other tissues transparent. Stain Technol., 59: 269–272.
Priegel, G. R. 1966. Early scale development in the freshwater drum, Aplodinitus grunniens Rafinesque. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 95: 434–436.
Siefert, R. E. 1965. Early scale development in the white crappie. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 94: 182.
Silverman, M.J. 1975. Scale development in the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 104: 773–774.
Wallin, O. 1957. On the growth, structure and developmental physiology of the scale of fishes. Rep. Inst. Fish. Res. Drottningholm, 38: 385–443.
Ward, H. C. and E. M. Leonard. 1954. Order of appearance of scales in the black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci., 33: 138–140.
Warner, K. and K. Havey. 1961. Body-scale relationships in landlocked salmon, Salmo solar. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 90: 457–461.
White, D. S. 1977. Early development and pattern of scale formation in the spotted sucker, Minytrema melanops (Catostomidae). Copeia, 1977: 400–403.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Park, EH., Lee, SH. Scale Growth and Squamation Chronology for the Laboratory-Reared Hermaphroditic Fish Rivulus marmoratus (Cyprinodontidae). Jap. Jour. Ich. 34, 476–482 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02905653
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02905653