Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lake Turkana

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Kenya Rift Lakes: Modern and Ancient

Part of the book series: Syntheses in Limnogeology ((SYNLIMNO))

  • 282 Accesses

Abstract

Lake Turkana is the largest of the Kenya Rift lakes and lies within a semi-desert setting. Early explorers visited the area from 1888 and were followed by research expeditions that led to many limnological and geological discoveries. This chapter outlines its geological and tectonic setting but focuses on the modern lake. Climate and hydrology are discussed, noting the instability of its lake levels over different time scales, which reflects the varied climate and anthropogenic influences. The semi-desert vegetation supports arid-adapted wildlife on land with a diverse fish fauna in the saline lake. The physical limnology is outlined, and water chemistry is described, noting the major contrasts between the north and south of the lake caused by the Omo River, which supplies >80% of its waters. Solutes are lower than might be expected of a closed lake and possible explanations are explored. The phytoplankton, zooplankton, invertebrates and fish fauna are described. Modern sediment distribution reflects wind patterns, density gradients, fluvial mud inputs, and autochthonous deposition of calcite and organics. Environmental changes during and since the African Humid Period (~15–5 ka) are described along with the hydrological impacts of an extended catchment area due to overflows from neighbouring lakes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdelfettah Y, Tiercelin J-J, Tarits P, Hautot S, Maia M, Thuo P (2016) Subsurface structure and stratigraphy of the northwest end of the Turkana Basin, Northern Kenya Rift, as revealed by magnetotellurics and gravity joint inversion. J Afr Earth Sci 119:120–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abell PI, Nyamweru CK (1988) Paleoenvironments in the Chalbi Basin of Kenya. Chem Geol 72:283–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Achiba GA (2019) Navigating contested winds: development visions and anti-politics of wind energy in northern Kenya. Land 8(1):7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angelis d’Ossat G, Millosovich F (1900) Studio geologico sul materiale raccolto de M. Sacchi. Società Geografica Italiana, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Arambourg C (1935) Mission Scientifique de l’Omo (1932–1933): Géologie-anthropologie-paléontologie. Publ Mus Natl Hist Nat Paris 1(1):1–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Arambourg C (1943) Contribution à l’étude géologique et paleontologique du Bassin du lac Rodolphe et de Basse Vallée de l’Omo. Publ Mus Natl Hist Nat Paris 1(2):157–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Arambourg C (1947) Contribution à l’étude géologique et paleontologique du Bassin du lac Rodolphe et de la Basse Vallée de l’Omo. Mission Scientifique de l’Omo (1932–1933). Publ Mus Natl Hist Nat Paris, pp 231–562

    Google Scholar 

  • Arambourg C, Chavaillon J, Coppens Y (1969) Résultats de la nouvelle Mission de l’Omo (1968). C R Acad Sci, Paris D-268:759–762

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer GF (1913) Recent exploration and survey in the north of British East Africa. Geogr J 42:421–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashley GM, Ndiema EK, Spencer JQG, Harris JWK, Kiura PW (2011) Paleoenvironmental context of archaeological sites, implications for subsistence strategies under Holocene climate change, northern Kenya. Geoarchaeology 26:809–837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashley GM, Ndiema EK, Spencer JQG, Harris JWK, Kiura PW, Dibble L, Du A, Lordan PT (2017) Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Dongodien, Lake Turkana, Kenya and OSL dating of site occupation during Late Holocene climate change. Afr Archaeol Rev 34:345–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austin H (1899) Journeys to the north of Uganda. I Lake Rudolf. Geogr J 14:148–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avery ST (2010) Hydrological impacts of Ethiopia’s Omo Basin on Kenya’s Lake Turkana water levels and fisheries. Final Report African Development Bank, vols I and II

    Google Scholar 

  • Avery ST (2012) Lake Turkana and the Lower Omo: hydrological impacts of major dam and irrigation developments. University Oxford, African Studies Centre Vol II-Annexes

    Google Scholar 

  • Avery ST (2014) What future for Lake Turkana and its wildlife. SWARA (Mag E Afr Wildlife Soc). January–March, pp 24–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Avery ST, Tebbs EJ (2018) Lake Turkana, major Omo River developments, associated hydrological cycle change and consequent lake physical and ecological change. J Great Lakes Res 44:1164–1182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayalew L (2009) Analyzing the effects of historical and recent floods on channel pattern and the environment in the Lower Omo Basin of Ethiopia using satellite images and GIS. Environ Geol 58:1713–1726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker BH, Wohlenberg J (1971) Structure and evolution of the Kenya Rift Valley. Nature 229:538–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker BH, Mohr PA, Williams LAJ (1972) Geology of the eastern rift system of Africa. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 136

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber J (2006) The moving frontier of British imperialism in the Lake Rudolf Region: 1890–1919. Ethnohistory 53:143–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barthelme JW (1981) Late Pleistocene-Holocene prehistory northeast of Lake Turkana, Kenya. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthelme JW (1985) Fisher-hunters and Neolithic pastoralists in eastern Turkana, Kenya (Cambridge monographs in anthropology 13). Brit Archaeol Rep, Int Ser 254, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton CE, Torgersen T (1988) Palaeomagnetic and 210Pb estimates of sedimentation in Lake Turkana, East Africa. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 68:53–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton CE, Solomon DK, Bowman JR, Cerling TE, Sayer MD (1987) Chloride budgets in transient lakes: Baringo, Naivasha, and Turkana. Limnol Oceanogr 32:745–751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beadle LC (1932) Scientific results of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African Lakes, 1930–1. 4. The waters of some East African Lakes in relation to their fauna and flora. J Linn Soc Zool 38:157–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beadle LC (1981) The inland waters of tropical Africa, 2nd edn. Longman, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck CC (2015) The terrestrial climate record from the Turkana Basin, Kenya: a multi-proxy approach. PhD thesis, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck CC, Feibel CS, Wright JD, Mortlock RA (2019a) Onset of the African Humid Period by 13.9 kyr BP at Kabua Gorge, Turkana Basin, Kenya. Holocene 29:1011–1019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck CC, Allen MM, Feibel CS, Beverly EJ, Stone JR, Wegter B, Wilson CL (2019b) Living in a swampy paradise: paleoenvironmental reconstruction of an African Humid Period lacustrine margin, West Turkana, Kenya. J Afr Earth Sci 154:20–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck CC, Feibel CS, Mortlock RA, Quinn RL, Wright JD (2021) Little Ice Age to modern lake-level fluctuations from Ferguson’s Gulf, Lake Turkana, Kenya, based on sedimentology and ostracod assemblages. Quat Res 101:129–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behrensmeyer AK (1976) Lothagam Hill, Kanapoi, and Ekora: a general summary of stratigraphy and faunas. In: Coppens Y, Howell FC, Isaac GL, Leakey REF (eds) Earliest man and environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin: stratigraphy, paleoecology and evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 163–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Berke MA, Johnson TC, Werne JP, Schouten S, Damsté JSS (2012) A mid-Holocene thermal maximum at the end of the African Humid Period. Earth Planet Sci Lett 351–352:95–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyin A (2011) Recent archaeological survey and excavation around the Greater Kalokol Area, west side of Lake Turkana: preliminary findings. Nyame Akuma 75:40–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyin A, Prendergast ME, Grillo KM, Wang H (2017) New radiocarbon dates for terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene settlements in West Turkana, northern Kenya. Quat Sci Rev 168:208–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloomer SH, Curtis PC, Karson JA (1989) Geochemical variation of Quaternary basaltic volcanics in the Turkana Rift, northern Kenya. J Afr Earth Sci 8:511–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloszies C, Forman SL (2015) Potential relation between equatorial sea surface temperatures and historic water level variability for Lake Turkana, Kenya. J Hydrol 520:489–501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloszies C, Forman SL, Wright DK (2015) Water level history for Lake Turkana, Kenya in the past 15,000 years and a variable transition from the African Humid Period to Holocene aridity. Glob Planet Change 132:64–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefille R (1971) Atlas des pollens d’Ethiopie: pollens actuels de la basse vallée de l’Omo (Ethiopie); recoltes botaniques 1968. Adansonia Ser 2(11):463–518

    Google Scholar 

  • Boone SC, Kohn BP, Gleadow AJW, Morley CK, Seiler C, Foster DA, Chung L (2018) Tectono-thermal evolution of a long-lived segment of the East African Rift System: thermochronological insights from the North Lokichar Basin, Turkana, Kenya. Tectonophysics 744:23–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boschetto HB, Brown FH, McDougall I (1992) Stratigraphy of the Lothidok Range, northern Kenya, and K/Ar ages of its Miocene primates. J Hum Evol 22:4771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth W, Morley CK (1994) Structural and stratigraphic evolution of the Anza rift, Kenya. Tectonophysics 236:93–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boulenger GA (1920) Sur le gavial fossile de l’Omo. CR Acad Sci Paris 170:913–914

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooke JW (1905) A journey west and north of Lake Rudolf. Geogr J 25:525–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brotzu P, Morbidelli L, Nicoletti M, Picirillo EM, Traversa G (1984) Miocene to Quaternary volcanism in eastern Kenya: sequence and geochronology. Tectonophysics 101:75–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown M (1989) Where giants stood: the saga of Kenya’s desert lake. Qiller Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown FH, Carmichael I (1969) Quaternary volcanoes of the Lake Rudolf region: I. The basanite-tephrite series of the Korath Range. Lithos 2:239–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown FH, Carmichael I (1971) Quaternary volcanoes of the Lake Rudolf region: II. The lavas of North Island, South Island and the Barrier. Lithos 4:305–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown FH, Fuller CR (2008) Stratigraphy and tephra of the Kibish Formation, southwestern Ethiopia. J Hum Evol 55:366–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown FH, Gathogo P (2005) A comment on “Recent tectonics in the Turkana Rift (North Kenya): an integrated approach from drainage network, satellite imagery and reflection seismic analyses.” Basin Res 17:329–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown FH, McDougall I (2011) Geochronology of the Turkana depression of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. Evol Anthropol 20:217–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown FH, McDougall I, Davies T, Maier R (1985) An integrated Plio-Pleistocene chronology for the Turkana Basin. In: Delson E (ed) Ancestors: the hard evidence. Liss, New York, pp 82–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruhn RL, Brown FH, Gathogo PN, Haileab B (2011) Pliocene volcano-tectonics and paleogeography of the Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia. J Afr Earth Sci 59:295–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bulatovich AK (1900) Dall’Abissinia al Lago Rodolfo per Il Caffa. Boll Soc Geogr Ital Ser 4(1):121–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Butzer KW (1971) Recent history of an Ethiopian delta: the Omo River and the level of Lake Rudolf. Univ Chicago Dept Geogr Res Pap 136

    Google Scholar 

  • Butzer KW (1980) The Holocene lake plain of north Rudolf, East Africa. Phys Geogr 1:42–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butzer KW, Thurber DL (1969) Some late Cenozoic sedimentary formations of the lower Omo Valley. Nature 222:1138–1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butzer KW, Isaac GL, Richardson JL, Washbourn-Kamau C (1972) Radiocarbon dating of East African lake levels. Science 175:1069–1076

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabeza M, Fernandez-Llamazares A, Fraixedas S, López-Baucells A, Burgas D, Rocha R, Cabeza R, Ajiko A (2016) Winds of hope for Sibiloi National Park. SWARA (Mag E Afr Wildlife Soc) October–December, pp 33–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr CJ (2017) River Basin development and human rights in Eastern Africa – a policy crossroads. Springer, Cham

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Caukwell R (1971) The South Turkana Expedition: scientific papers VI. Field survey in South Turkana. Geogr J 137:157–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavendish HSH (1898) Through Somaliland and around and south of Lake Rudolf. Geogr J 11:372–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerling TE (1979) Paleochemistry of Plio-Pleistocene Lake Turkana, Kenya. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 27:247–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerling TE (1986) A mass-balance approach to basin sedimentation: constraints on the recent history of the Turkana basin. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 54:63–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerling TE (1996) Pore water chemistry of an alkaline lake: Lake Turkana, Kenya. In: Johnson TC, Odada EO (eds) The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African lakes. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp 225–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerling TE, Brown FH (1982) Tuffaceous marker horizons in the Koobi Fora region and the Lower Omo Valley. Nature 299:216–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerling TE, Powers SD (1977) Paleorifting between the Gregory and Ethiopian rifts. Geology 5:441–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerling TE, Brown FH, Cerling BW, Curtis GH, Drake RE (1979) Preliminary correlations between the Koobi Fora and Shungura Formations, East Africa. Nature 279:118–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Champion AM (1935) Teleki’s Volcano and the lava fields at the southern end of Lake Rudolf. Geogr J 85:322–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Champion AM (1937) Physiography of the region to the west and southwest of Lake Rudolf. Geogr J 89:97–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Champion AM, Smith WC (1937) The volcanic region around the southern end of Lake Rudolf, Kenya Colony. Z Vulcanol 17:163–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Charsley TJ (1987) Geology of the North Horr area. Rep Mines Geol Dept Kenya 110

    Google Scholar 

  • Chorowicz J (2005) The East African rift system. J Afr Earth Sci 43:379–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chritz KL, Cerling TE, Freeman KH, Hildebrand EA, Janzen A, Prendergast ME (2019) Climate, ecology, and the spread of herding in eastern Africa. Quat Sci Rev 204:119–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen A (1984) Effect of zoobenthic standing crop on laminae preservation in tropical lake sediment, Lake Turkana, East Africa. J Paleontol 58:499–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen A (1986) Distribution and faunal associations of benthic invertebrates at Lake Turkana, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 141:179–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen A (1989) Facies relationships and sedimentation in large rift lakes and implications for hydrocarbon exploration: examples from Lakes Turkana and Tanganyika. Palaeogeogr Palaeoecol Palaeoclimatol 70:65–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen A, Ferguson D, Gram P, Hubler S, Sims K (1986) The distribution of coarse-grained sediments in modern Lake Turkana, Kenya: implications for clastic sedimentation models of rift lakes. In: Frostick LE, Renaut RW, Reid I, Tiercelin J-J (eds) Sedimentation in the African rifts. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 25:127–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copley H (1941) A short account on the freshwater fishes of Kenya. J E Afr Nat Hist Soc 16:1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Coppens Y, Howell FC, Isaac GL, Leakey REF (eds) (1976) Earliest man and environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin: stratigraphy, paleoecology and evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Corti G, Cioni R, Franceschini Z, Sani F, Scaillet S, Molin P, Isola I, Mazzarini F, Brune S, Keir D, Erbello A, Muluneh A, Illsley-Kemp F, Glerum A (2019) Aborted propagation of the Ethiopian rift caused by linkage with the Kenyan rift. Nat Commun 10:1309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis PC (1991) Competing magmatic processes at a continental rift: petrology and geochemistry of Quaternary volcanoes in the Turkana Rift Zone, East Africa. PhD thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson A (1983) The Omo River Project: reconnaissance geology and geochemistry of parts of Ilubabor, Kefa, Gema Gofa and Sidamo, Ethiopia. In: Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia, Ministry of Mines and Energy, Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys. Addis Ababa

    Google Scholar 

  • deMenocal PB, Brown FH (1999) Pliocene tephra correlations between East African hominid localities, the Gulf of Aden, and the Arabian Sea. In: Agusti J, Rook L, Andrews PA (eds) Hominid evolution and climatic change in Europe, vol 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 23–54

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dixey F (1945) Miocene sediments in South Turkana. J E Afr Nat Hist Soc 18:13–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixey F (1948) Geology of Northern Kenya. Geol Surv Kenya Rep 15

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodson RG (1963) Geology of the South Horr area. Geol Surv Kenya Rep 60

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodson RG (1971) Geology of the area south of Lodwar. Geol Surv Kenya Rep 87

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson-Smith A (1896) Expedition through Somaliland to Lake Rudolf. Geogr J 8:221–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunkelman T (1986) The structural and stratigraphic evolution of Lake Turkana, Kenya, as deduced from a multichannel seismic survey. MSc thesis, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkelman TJ, Karson J, Rosendahl B (1988) Structural style of the Turkana rift, Kenya. Geology 16:258–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunkelman TJ, Rosendahl B, Karson J (1989) Structure and stratigraphy of the Turkana rift from seismic reflection data. J Afr Earth Sci 8:489–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunkley PN, Smith M, Allen DJ, Darling WG (1993) The geothermal activity and geology of the northern sector of the Kenya Rift Valley. Br Geol Surv Res Rep SC/93/1

    Google Scholar 

  • Earthview Geoconsultants Ltd (2011) Environmental impact assessment project report for proposed oil and gas seismic project in Block 12a: parts of Turkana East, East Pokot, Marakwet West, Baringo Central, Marigat, Keiyo South, Baringo North, Mogotio and Samburu Districts by Tullow Kenya. Tullow Oil, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebinger CJ, Ibrahim A (1994) Multiple episodes of rifting in Central and East Africa: a re-evaluation of gravity data. Geol Rundsch 83:689–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebinger CJ, Sleep NH (1998) Cenozoic magmatism throughout East Africa resulting from impact of a single plume. Nature 395:788–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebinger CJ, Yemane T, Harding DJ, Tesfaye S, Kelley S, Rex DC (2000) Rift deflection, migration, and propagation: linkage of the Ethiopian and Eastern rifts, Africa. Geol Soc Am Bull 112:163–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn WA, Mathieson FJ (1970) Geology of the Loiya–Lorugumu area. Geol Surv Kenya Rep 85

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasola M, Canova L (1993) Diel activity of resident and immigrant waterbirds at Lake Turkana, Kenya. Ibis 135:442–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feibel CS (2003) Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Lothagam sequence. In: Leakey MG, Harris JM (eds) Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 17–29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Feibel CS (2011) A geological history of the Turkana Basin. Evol Anthropol 20:206–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson AJD (1982) Studies of the zooplankton of Lake Turkana. In: Hopson AJ (ed) Lake Turkana. A report on the findings of the Lake Turkana Project 1972–1975, vol 1. Overseas Development Administration, London, pp 163–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson AJD, Harbott BJ (1982) Geographical, physical, and chemical aspects of Lake Turkana. In: Hopson AJ (ed) Lake Turkana. A report on the findings of the Lake Turkana Project 1972–1975, vol 1. Overseas Development Administration, London, pp 1–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer ML, Markowska M, Bachofer F, Foerster VE, Asrat A, Zielhofer C, Trauth MH, Junginger A (2020) Determining the pace and magnitude of lake level changes in southern Ethiopia over the last 20,000 years using lake balance modeling and SEBAL. Front Earth Sci 8(197):1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer ML, Bachofer F, Yost CL, Bludau IJE, Scheperes C, Foerster VE, Lamb H, Schäbitz F, Asrat A, Trauth MH, Junginger A (2021) A phytolith supported biosphere-hydrosphere predictive model for southern Ethiopia: insights into paleoenvironmental changes and human landscape preferences since the Last Glacial Maximum. Geosciences 11:418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fish GR (1953) Chemical analyses of Lake Rudolf. E Afr Fish Res Org Rep

    Google Scholar 

  • Feibel CS (2011) A geological history of the Turkana Basin. Evol Anthropol 20:206–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitch FJ, Vondra CF (1976) Tectonic and stratigraphic framework. In: Coppens Y, Howell FC, Isaac GL, Leakey REF (eds) Earliest man and environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin: stratigraphy, paleoecology and evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 8–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Foerster VE (2014) Late Quaternary climate variability in the source region of Homo sapiens. Dry-wet cycles in Chew Bahir, southern Ethiopia. PhD thesis, Universität Köln

    Google Scholar 

  • Foerster V, Junginger A, Langkamp O, Gebru T, Asrat A, Umer M, Lamb HF, Wennrich V, Rethemeyer J, Nowaczyk N, Trauth MH, Schaebitz F (2012) Climatic change recorded in the sediments of the Chew Bahir basin, southern Ethiopia, during the last 45,000 years. Quat Int 274:25–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foerster V, Vogelsang R, Junginger A, Asrat A, Lamb HF, Schaebitz F, Trauth MH (2015) Environmental change and human occupation of southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya during the last 20,000 years. Quat Sci Rev 129:333–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Foerster V, Vogelsang R, Junginger A, Asrat A, Lamb HF, Schaebitz F, Trauth MH (2016) Reply to the comment on 'Environmental change and human occupation of southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya during the last 20,000 years' (Quat Sci Rev 129:333–340). Quat Sci Rev 141:130–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foerster V, Deocampo DM, Asrat A, Günter C, Junginger A, Krämer KH, Stroncik NA, Trauth MH (2018) Towards an understanding of climate proxy formation in the Chew Bahir basin, southern Ethiopian Rift. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 501:111–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forman SL, Wright DK, Bloszies C (2014) Variations in water level for Lake Turkana in the past 8500 years near Mt. Porr, Kenya and the transition from the African Humid Period to Holocene aridity. Quat Sci Rev 97:84–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friis I (1992) Forests and forest trees of northeast tropical Africa. HMSO, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Frostick LE, Reid I (1989) Is structure the main control of river drainage and sedimentation in rifts? J Afr Earth Sci 8:165–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs VE (1934) The geological work of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African Lakes, 1930–1931. Geol Mag 71:97–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs VE (1935) The Lake Rudolf rift valley expedition, 1934. Geogr J 86:114–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs VE (1939) The geological history of the Lake Rudolf basin, Kenya Colony. Phil Trans R Soc Lond Ser B 229:219–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furman T, Bryce JG, Karson J, Iotti A (2004) East African Rift System (EARS) plume structure: insights from Quaternary mafic lavas of Turkana, Kenya. J Petrol 45:1069–1088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furman T, Kaleta KM, Bryce JG, Hanan BB (2006) Tertiary mafic lavas of Turkana, Kenya: constraints of East African plume structure and occurrence of high-μ volcanism in Africa. J Petrol 47:1221–1244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcin Y, Melnick D, Strecker MR, Olago D, Tiercelin J-J (2012) East African mid-Holocene wet-dry transition recorded in palaeo-shorelines of Lake Turkana, northern Kenya Rift. Earth Plan Sci Lett 331–332:322–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gathogo PN, Brown FH, McDougall I (2008) Stratigraphy of the Koobi Fora Formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene) in the Loiyangalani region of northern Kenya. J Afr Earth Sci 51:277–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebregiorgis D, Deocampo DM, Foerster V, Longstaffe FJ, Delaney JS, Schaebitz F, Junginger A, Markowska M, Opitz S, Trauth MH, Lamb HK, Asrat A (2021) Modern sedimentation and authigenic mineral formation in the Chew Bahir Basin, Southern Ethiopia: implications for interpretation of Late Quaternary paleoclimate records. Front Earth Sci 9:607695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein ST (2019) Lithic technological strategies of the earliest herders at Lake Turkana, northern Kenya. Antiquity 93:1495–1514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein ST, Hildebrand E, Storozum M, Sawchuk E, Lewis J, Ngugi C, Robbins LH (2017) New archaeological investigations at the Lothagam harpoon site at Lake Turkana. Antiquity 91:143–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein ST, Shipton C, Miller JM, Ndiema E, Boivin N, Petraglia M (2022) Hunter-gatherer technological organization and responses to Holocene climate change in coastal, lakeshore, and grassland ecologies of eastern Africa. Quat Sci Rev 280:107390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodier SAM, Cotterill FPD, O’Ryan C, Skelton PH, de Wit MJ (2011) Cryptic diversity of African Tigerfish (Genus Hydrocynus) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked Neogene geotectonic events. PLoS One 6:e28775

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Government of Kenya [GoK] and UNDP (2021) Rising water levels in Kenya’s rift valley lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria: a scoping report. Government of Kenya, Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  • Gownaris NJ, Pikitch EK, Ojwang WO, Michener R, Kaufman L (2015) Predicting species’ vulnerability in a massively perturbed system: the fishes of Lake Turkana, Kenya. PLoS One 10:e0127027–e0127024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gownaris NJ, Pikitch EK, Aller JY, Kaufman LS, Kolding J, Lwiza KM, Obiero KO, Ojwang WO, Malala JO, Rountos KJ (2016) Fisheries and water level fluctuations in the world’s largest desert lake. Ecohydrology 10:e1769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham A (1968) The Lake Rudolf crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti) population. MSc thesis, University of East Africa

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory JW (1894) Contributions to the physical geography of British East Africa. Geogr J 4:289–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory JW (1901) The foundation of British East Africa. Temple House, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory JW (1920) The African Rift Valley. Nature 104:518–519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory JW (1923) The structure of the Great Rift Valley. Nature 112:514–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grove AT, Street AF, Goudie AS (1975) Former lake levels and climatic change in the rift valley of southern Ethiopia. Geogr J 141:177–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gwynn CW (1911) A journey in southern Abyssinia. Geogr J 38:113–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haack B (2007) Environmental auditing – monitoring wetland changes with remote sensing: an East African example. Environ Manag 20:411–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haileab B, Brown FH, McDougall I, Gathogo PN (2004) Gombe Group basalts and initiation of Pliocene deposition in the Turkana depression, northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. Geol Mag 141:41–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halfman JD (1987) High-resolution sedimentology and paleoclimatology of Lake Turkana, Kenya. PhD thesis, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina

    Google Scholar 

  • Halfman JD (1996) CTD-transmissometer profiles from Lakes Malawi and Turkana. In: Johnson TC, Odada EO (eds) The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African lakes. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp 169–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Halfman JD, Hearty PJ (1990) Cyclical sedimentation in Lake Turkana, Kenya. In: Katz B (ed) Lacustrine basin exploration: case studies and modern analogs. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Mem 50:187–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Halfman JD, Johnson TC (1988) High-resolution record of cyclic climatic-change during the past 4 ka from Lake Turkana, Kenya. Geology 16:496–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halfman JD, Johnson TC, Showers WJ, Lister GS (1989) Authigenic low-Mg calcite in Lake Turkana, Kenya. J Afr Earth Sci 8:533–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halfman JD, Jacobson DF, Cannella CM, Haberyan KA, Finney BP (1992) Fossil diatoms and the mid to late Holocene paleolimnology of Lake Turkana, Kenya: a reconnaissance study. J Paleolimnol 7:23–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halfman JD, Johnson TC, Finney BP (1994) New AMS dates, stratigraphic correlations and decadal climatic cycles for the past 4 ka at Lake Turkana, Kenya. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 111:83–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harbott BJ (1982) Studies on algal dynamics and primary productivity in Lake Turkana. In: Hopson AJ (ed) Lake Turkana. A report on the findings of the Lake Turkana Project 1972–1975, vol 1. Overseas Development Administration, London, pp 111–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Harbott BJ, Ogari JTN (1982) The biology of the larger cichlid fish of Lake Turkana. In: Hopson AJ (ed) Lake Turkana: a report of the findings of the Lake Turkana Project, 1972–1975, vol 5. Overseas Development Administration, London, pp 1331–1355

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris JM, Leakey MG (2003) Geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Early Pliocene site of Kanapoi, northern Kenya. Contrib Sci Natur Hist Mus Los Angeles 498:1–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris JM, Leakey MG, Brown FH (2006) A brief history of research at Koobi Fora, northern Kenya. Ethnohistory 53:35–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison J (1901) A journey from Zeila to Lake Rudolf. Geogr J 18:258–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman AT (2018) An analysis of the effects of temperatures and circulations on the strength of the low-level jet in the Turkana Channel in East Africa. Theor Appl Climatol 132:1003–1017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey CPD, Grove AT (1982) A prehistoric source of the Nile. Geogr J 148:327–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haug E (1912) Traité de géologie. Pt. 2. Les périodes géologiques. Armand Colin, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrie DB, Kusznir NJ, Morley CK, Ebinger CJ (1994) Cenozoic extension in northern Kenya: a quantitative model of rift basin development in the Turkana region. Tectonophysics 236:409–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herren GL (2013) Thriving in a desert lake: investigations into the meiobenthos of Lake Turkana, Kenya. MSc thesis, Universität Bielefeld

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand EA, Shea JJ, Grillo KM (2011) Four middle Holocene pillar sites in West Turkana, Kenya. J Field Archaeol 36:181–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand EA, Grillo KM, Sawchuk EA, Pfeiffer SK, Conyers LB, Goldstein ST, Hill AC, Janzen A, Klehm CE, Helper M, Kiura P, Ndiema E, Ngigi C, Shea JJ, Wang H (2018) A monumental cemetery built by eastern Africa’s first herders near Lake Turkana, Kenya. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115:8942–8947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillaby J (1964) Journey to the Jade Sea. Constable, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodbod J, Stevenson EGJ, Akall G, Akuja T, Angele I, Bedasso EA, Buffavand L, Derbyshire S, Eulenberger I, Gownaris N, Kamski B, Kurewa A, Lokuruka M, Mulugeta M, Okenwa D, Rodgers C, Tebbs E (2019) Social-ecological change in the Omo-Turkana basin: a synthesis of current developments. Ambio 48:1099–1115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodson A (1929) Journeys from Maji, southwest Abyssinia. Geogr J 73:401–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoey AC (1911) Lake Rudolf. J E Afr Nat Hist Soc 2:47–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland WP (1926) Volcanic action north of Rudolf in 1918. Geogr J 68:488–499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooijer DA, Patterson B (1972) Rhinoceroses from the Pliocene of northwestern Kenya. Bull Mus Comp Zool Harv University 144:1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopson AJ (ed) (1982) Lake Turkana. A report on the findings of the Lake Turkana Project 1972–1975, vol 6. Overseas Development Administration, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopson AJ, Hopson J (1982) The fishes of Lake Turkana with a description of three new species. In: Hopson AJ (ed) Lake Turkana. A report on the findings of the Lake Turkana Project 1972–1975, vol 1. Overseas Development Administration, London, pp 283–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Jérémine E (1935) Mission scientifique de l’Omo 1932–1933. Tome 1. Géologie, Anthropologie. Fasc. 1, Étude pétrographique des roches de la bordure occidentale du lac Rodolphe et de quelques régions voisines. Mem Mus Natl Hist Nat Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson G (1974) Cainozoic lacustrine stromatolites from hominid-bearing sediments east of Lake Rudolf, Kenya. Nature 247:520–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TC (1996) Sedimentary processes and signals of past climatic change in large lakes of the East African Rift Valley. In: Johnson TC, Odada EO (eds) The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African lakes. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp 367–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TC, Malala JO (2009) Lake Turkana and its link to the Nile. In: Dumont HJ (ed) The Nile: origin, environments, limnology and human use. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 287–304

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TC, Halfman JD, Rosendahl BR, Lister GS (1987) Climatic and tectonic effects on sedimentation in a rift-valley lake: evidence from high-resolution seismic profiles, Lake Turkana, Kenya. Geol Soc Am Bull 98:439–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TC, Halfman JD, Showers WJ (1991) Paleoclimate of the last 4000 years at Lake Turkana, Kenya, based on the isotopic composition of authigenic calcite. Palaeogeogr Palaeoecol Palaeoclimatol 85:189–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joleaud L (1920) Contribution à l’étude des hippopotames fossils. Bull Soc Géol Fr Ser 4(20):13–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Joubert P (1966) Geology of the Loperot area. Geol Surv Kenya Rep 74

    Google Scholar 

  • Junginger A, Trauth MH (2013) Hydrological constraints of paleo-Lake Suguta in the Northern Kenya Rift during the African Humid Period (15–5 ka BP). Glob Planet Change 111:174–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Junginger A, Roller S, Olaka LA, Trauth MH (2014) The effects of solar irradiation changes on the migration of the Congo Air Boundary and water levels of paleo-Lake Suguta, northern Kenya Rift, during the African Humid Period (15–5 ka BP). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 396:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaijage AS, Nyagah NM (2010) Final draft report on socio–economic analysis and public consultation of Lake Turkana communities in northern Kenya. Report commissioned by African Development Bank, Tunis

    Google Scholar 

  • Källqvist T, Lien L, Liti D (1988) Lake Turkana limnological study 1985–1988. Norw Inst Water Res Rep, pp 0–85313

    Google Scholar 

  • Kariuki P (2011) Kenyan wetlands – an indicator of climate change and human disturbance. African Conservation Centre Report

    Google Scholar 

  • Karson JA, Curtis PC (1989) Tectonic and magmatic processes in the eastern branch of the East African rift and implications for magmatically active continental rifts. J Afr Earth Sci 8:431–453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karson JA, Curtis PC (1994) Quaternary volcanic centres of the Turkana Rift, Kenya. J Afr Earth Sci 18:15–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MA, Swain CJ (1978) Geophysical investigations and the rift valley geology of Kenya. In: Bishop WW (ed) Geological background to fossil man. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 6:71–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knappe E, Bendick R, Ebinger C, Birhanu Y, Lewi E, Floyd M, King R, Kianji G, Mariita N, Temtime T, Waktola B, Deresse B, Musila M, Kanoti J, Perry M (2020) Accommodation of East African rifting across the Turkana Depression. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 125:11–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolding J (1989) The fish resources of Lake Turkana and their environment (final report of project KEN-043, NORAD, Oslo). PhD thesis, University of Bergen

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolding J (1992) A summary of Lake Turkana: an ever-changing mixed environment. Mitt Int Ver Theor Angew Limnol 23:25–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolding J (1993a) Trophic interrelationships and community structure at two different periods of Lake Turkana, Kenya: a comparison using the ECOPATH II box model. In: Pauly D, Christensen V (eds) Trophic models of aquatic ecosystems. Proc ICLARM Conf 26, Manila, pp 116–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolding J (1993b) Population dynamics and life-history styles of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in Ferguson’s Gulf, Lake Turkana, Kenya. Environ Biol Fish 37:25–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolding J (1995) Changes in species composition and abundance of fish populations in Lake Turkana, Kenya. In: Pitcher TJ, Hart PJB (eds) The impact of species changes in African lakes. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 335–363

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger J, Foerster V, Trauth MH, Hofreiter M, Tiedemann R (2021) Exploring the past biosphere of Chew Bahir/Southern Ethiopia: cross-species hybridization capture of ancient sedimentary DNA from a deep drill core. Front Earth Sci 9:683010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lahr MM, Rivera F, Power RK, Mounier A, Copsey B, Crivellaro F, Edung JE, Fernandez JMM, Kiarie C, Lawrence J, Leakey A, Mbua E, Miller H, Muigai A, Mukhongo DM, Van Baelen A, Wood R, Schwenninger JL, Grün R, Achyuthan H, Wilshaw A, Foley RA (2016) Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya. Nature 529:394–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Gall B, Vétel W, Morley CK (2005) Inversion tectonics during continental rifting: the Turkana Cenozoic rifted zone, northern Kenya. Tectonics 24:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Leakey MG, Harris JM (eds) (2003) Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Liti D, Källqvist T, Lien L (1991) Limnological aspects of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Verh Int Verein Limnol 24:1108–1111

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu T, Lepre CJ, Hemming SR, Broecker WS (2021) Rock varnish record of the African Humid Period in the Lake Turkana basin of East Africa. The Holocene 31:1239–1249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald R, Williams LAJ, Gass IG (1994) Tectonomagmatic evolution of the Kenya rift valley: some geological perspectives. J Geol Soc Lond 151:879–888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maglio VJ (1973) Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae. Trans Am Phil Soc 63:1–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchant R, Lane P (2014) Past perspectives for the future: foundations for sustainable development in East Africa. J Archaeol Sci 51:12–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mariita NO, Keller GR (2007) An integrated geophysical study of the northern Kenya rift. J Afr Earth Sci 48:80–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin RL (2014) Late Quaternary sedimentary geology of North Turkwel, Turkana County, Kenya. MSc thesis, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Martins D (2012) Central Island. Kenya’s ‘lost world’ in the middle of Lake Turkana. SWARA (Mag E Afr Wildlife Soc) April–June:1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Maud P (1904) Exploration of the southern borderland of Abyssinia. Geogr J 23:552–559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxon R (2009) East Africa: an introductory history, 3rd edn. West Virginia University Press, Morgantown

    Google Scholar 

  • Mbaluka JK, Brown FH (2016) Vegetation of the Koobi Fora region northeast of Lake Turkana, Marsabit County, northern Kenya. J E Afr Nat Hist 105:21–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall I, Brown FH, Fleagle JG (2005) Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433:733–736

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougall I, Brown FH (2008) Geochronology of the pre-KBS Tuff sequence, Omo Group, Turkana Basin. J Geol Soc Lond 165:549–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall I, Brown FH (2009) Timing of volcanism and evolution of the northern Kenya Rift. Geol Mag 146:3447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall I, Brown FH, Fleagle JG (2005) Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433:733–736

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougall I, Feibel CS (1999) Numerical age control for the Miocene-Pliocene succession at Lothagam, a hominoid-bearing sequence in the northern Kenya Rift. J Geol Soc Lond 156:731–745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall I, Watkins RT (1988) Potassium-argon ages of volcanic rocks from northeast of Lake Turkana, northern Kenya. Geol Mag 125:15–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall I, Watkins R (2006) Geochronology of the Nabwal Hills: a record of earliest magmatism in the northern Kenyan Rift Valley. Geol Mag 143:25–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod AAQR (1982) The biology of Lates longispinis Wort. In: Hopson AJ (ed) Lake Turkana. A report on the findings of the Lake Turkana Project 1972–1975, vol 5. Overseas Development Administration, London, pp 1305–1330

    Google Scholar 

  • Melnick D, Garcin Y, Quinteros J, Strecker MR, Olago D, Tiercelin J-J (2012) Steady rifting in northern Kenya inferred from deformed Holocene lake shorelines of the Suguta and Turkana basins. Earth Planet Sci Lett 331–332:335–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed MU, Bonnefille R, Johnson TC (1995) Pollen and isotopic records in Late Holocene sediments from Lake Turkana, Kenya. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 119:371–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohr PA, Wood CA (1976) Volcano spacings and lithospheric attenuations in the eastern rift system of Africa. Earth Planet Sci Lett 33:126–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morley CK (1999) Boundary fault angle, with particular reference to the Lokichar Fault, Turkana Region, Kenya. In: Morley CK (ed) Geoscience of rift systems – evolution of East Africa. AAPG Stud Geol 44:115–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley CK (2020) Early syn-rift igneous dike patterns, northern Kenya Rift (Turkana, Kenya): implications for local and regional stresses, tectonics, and magma-structure interactions. Geosphere 16:890–918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morley CK, Wescott WA, Stone DM, Harper RM, Wigger ST, Karanja FM (1992) Tectonic evolution of the northern Kenyan Rift. J Geol Soc Lond 149:333–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morley CK, Karanja FM, Wescott WA, Stone DM, Harper RM, Wigger ST, Day RA (1999a) Geology and geophysics of the Western Turkana Basins, Kenya. In: Morley, CK (ed) Geoscience of rift systems–evolution of East Africa. AAPG Stud Geol 44:19–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley CK, Ngenoh DK, Ego JK (1999b) Introduction to the East African rift system. In: Morley CK (ed) Geoscience of rift systems—evolution of East Africa. AAPG Stud Geol 44:1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey A (2014) Stratigraphic framework and Quaternary paleolimnology of the Lake Turkana Rift, Kenya. PhD thesis, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey A, Scholz CA (2014) Paleohydrology of Lake Turkana and its influence on the Nile River system. Palaeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 403:88–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey A, Scholz CA, Russell JM (2018) Late Quaternary TEX86 paleotemperatures from the world’s largest desert lake, Lake Turkana, Kenya. J Paleolimnol 59:103–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muchane MW (1994) Stable isotope analyses of authigenic calcite from Lake Turkana, Kenya: high resolution paleoclimatic implications for the past 5000 years. PhD thesis, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina

    Google Scholar 

  • Muchane MW (1996) Comparison of the isotope record in micrite, Lake Turkana, with the historical weather record over the last century. In: Johnson TC, Odada EO (eds) The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African lakes. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp 431–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Muška M, Vašek M, Modrý D, Jirků M, Ojwang WO, Malala JO, Kubečka J (2012) The last snapshot of natural pelagic fish assemblage in Lake Turkana, Kenya: a hydroacoustic study. J Great Lakes Res 38:98–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mutegi BK (2014) Crustal velocity model beneath Lodwar station, Kenya using teleseismic p-wave receiver function. MSc thesis, University of Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwakikagile G (2010) Life in Kenya: the land and the people, modern and traditional ways. Continental Press, Dar es Salaam

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann AH (1898) Elephant hunting in east equatorial Africa. Rowland Ward, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng’ang’a P, Muchane MW, Johnson TC, Sturgeon K (1998) Comparison of isotopic records in abiogenic and biogenic calcite from Lake Turkana, Kenya. In: Lehman JT (ed) Environmental change and response in East African lakes. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 173–190

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson SE (2014) The predictability of rainfall over the Greater Horn of Africa. Part I: prediction of seasonal rainfall. J Hydrometeorol 15:1011–1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson SE (2015) The predictability of rainfall over the Greater Horn of Africa. Part II: prediction of monthly rainfall during the long rains. J Hydrometeorol 16:2001–2012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nutz A, Schuster M (2016) Stepwise drying of Lake Turkana at the end of the African Humid Period: a forced regression modulated by solar activity variations? Solid Earth 7:1609–1618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nutz A, Schuster M, Ghienne JF, Roquin C, Bouchette F (2016) Wind-driven waterbodies: a new category of lake within an alternative sedimentologically-based lake classification. J Paleolimnol 16:2001–2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyamweru CK (1986) Quaternary environments of the Chalbi basin, Kenya: sedimentary and geomorphological evidence. In: Frostick LE, Renaut RW, Reid I, Tiercelin J-J (eds) Sedimentation in the African rifts. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 25:297–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyamweru C (1989) New evidence for the former extent of the Nile drainage system. Geogr J 155:179–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyamweru CK, Bowman D (1989) Climatic changes in the Chalbi desert, north Kenya. J Quat Sci 4:131–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obiero K, Wakjira M, Gownaris N, Malala J, Keyombe JL, Ajode MZ, Smith S, Lawrence T, Ogello E, Getahun A, Kolding J (2022) Lake Turkana: status, challenges, and opportunities for collaborative research. J Great Lakes Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2022.10.007

  • Ojwang W, Obiero KO, Donde OO, Gownaris NJ, Pikitch EK, Omondi R, Agembe S, Malala J, Avery ST (2016) Lake Turkana: world’s largest permanent desert lake (Kenya). In: Finlayson CM, Milton GR, Prentice RC, Davidson NC (eds) The wetland book. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1361–1380

    Google Scholar 

  • Olago DO (1992) The mineralogy and sedimentology of recent subaqueous sediments in Lake Turkana, Kenya. MSc thesis, University of Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  • Olago DO, Odada EO (1996) Physical and chemical dynamics of Lake Turkana. In: Johnson TC, Odada EO (eds) The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African lakes. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp 413–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Olago DO, Odada EO (2000) An inter-basinal comparison of the sedimentology of Late Holocene to recent sediments in the Rift Valley, Lake Turkana, Kenya. J Afr Earth Sci 31:237–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olaka LA (2011) Hydrology across scales: sensitivity of East African lakes to climate changes. PhD thesis, Universität Potsdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Olilo CO, Odoli CO, Obiero MO, Malala JO, Bironga CH (2023) Microbial ecology of desert Lakes Baringo and Turkana, Kenya, East Africa. In: El-Sheekh M, Elsaied HE (eds) Lakes of Africa – microbial diversity and sustainability. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 247–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Otachi EO, Plessl C, Körner W, Avenant-Oldewage A, Jirsa F (2015) Trace elements in water, sediments and the elongate Tigerfish Hydrocynus forskahlii (Cuvier 1819) from Lake Turkana, Kenya including a comprehensive health risk analysis. Bull Environ Contam Tox 95:286–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen RB (1981) Quaternary diatomaceous sediments and the geological evolution of Lakes Turkana, Baringo and Bogoria, Kenya Rift Valley. PhD thesis, University of London

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen R, Renaut RW (1986) Sedimentology, stratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Holocene Galana Boi Formation, NE Lake Turkana, Kenya. In: Frostick LE, Renaut RW, Reid I, Tiercelin J-J (eds) Sedimentation in the African rifts. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 25:311–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen RB, Renaut RW (1990) Nitrate deposition in the Turkana Basin of northern Kenya. J Afr Earth Sci 10:701–706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen RB, Barthelme JW, Renaut RW, Vincens A (1982) Palaeolimnology and archaeology of Holocene deposits north-east of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature 298:523–529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen RB, Renaut RW, Lowenstein TK (2018) Spatial and temporal geochemical variability in lacustrine sedimentation in the East African Rift System: evidence from the Kenya Rift and regional analyses. Sedimentology 65:1697–1730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker H (1932) Scientific results of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African Lakes, 1930–1. 5. Reptiles and amphibians. J Linn Soc Lond Zool 38:213–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson B, Howells WW (1967) Hominid humeral fragment from early Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya. Science 156:64–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson B, Behrensmeyer AK, Sill WD (1970) Geology of a new Pliocene locality in northwestern Kenya. Nature 256:279–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson DW (1976) Fishermen and the beginnings of East African farming: new light from northern Kenya. Kenya Past Present 7:3–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson DW (1977a) The later prehistory of Eastern and Southern Africa. Heinemann, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson DW (1977b) Lowasera. Azania 12:1–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickford M, Senut B, Poupeau G, Brown FH, Haileab B (1991) Correlation of tephra layers from the Turkana Basin to the Western Rift Valley. C R Acad Sci Paris 313:223–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Pik R, Marty B, Carignan J, Yirgu G, Ayalew T (2008) Timing of East African Rift development in southern Ethiopia: implication for mantle plume activity and evolution of topography. Geology 36:167–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powers DW (1980) Geology of Mio-Pliocene sediments of the lower Kerio River Valley. PhD thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Prendergast ME, Beyin A (2018) Fishing in a fluctuating landscape: terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene subsistence strategies in the Lake Turkana Basin, Kenya. Quat Int 471:203–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raynolds RGH (1972) East Rudolf stratigraphic report: summary of mapping – area 103 Galana Boi Beds. Dartmouth College (New Hampshire) Report 73–2:1–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid I, Frostick LE (1985) Beach orientation, bar morphology and the concentration of metalliferous placer deposits: a case study, Lake Turkana, N Kenya. J Geol Soc Lond 142:837–848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly TA, Mussett AE, Raja PKS, Grasty RL, Walsh J (1966) Age and polarity of the Turkana lavas, north-west Kenya. Nature 210:1145–1146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rich F (1933) Scientific results of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African Lakes, 1930–1. 7. The algae. J Linn Soc Lond Zool 38:249–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricketts RD, Anderson RF (1998) A direct comparison between the historical record of lake level and the δ18O signal in carbonate sediments from Lake Turkana, Kenya. Limnol Oceanogr 43:811–822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricketts RD, Johnson TC (1996) Climate change in the Turkana basin as deduced from a 4000 year long δ18O record. Earth Plan Sci Lett 142:7–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riedl S, Melnick D, Njue L, Sudo M, Strecker MR (2022) Mid-Pleistocene to recent crustal extension in the inner graben of the northern Kenya Rift. Geochem Geophys Geosystems 23:e2021GC010123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins LH (1967) A recent archaeological discovery in the Turkana District of northern Kenya. Azania 2:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins LH (1968) Lothagam: a Later Stone Age settlement in the Lake Rudolf area of the Kenya Rift System. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins LH (1972) Archaeology in the Turkana District, Kenya. Science 176:359–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins LH (1975) Bone artefacts from the Lake Rudolf basin, East Africa. Curr Anthropol 16:632–633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins LH (2006) Lake Turkana archaeology: the Holocene. Ethnohistory 53:71–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saria E, Calais E, Stamps DS, Delvaux D, Hartnady CJH (2014) Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 119:3584–3600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaebitz F, Asrat A, Lamb H, Cohen A, Foerster V et al (2021) Hydroclimate changes in eastern Africa over the past 200,000 years may have influenced early human dispersal. Commun Earth Environ 2:123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster M, Nutz A (2017) Lacustrine wave-dominated clastic shorelines: modern to ancient littoral landforms and deposits from the Lake Turkana Basin (East African Rift System, Kenya). J Paleolimnol 59:1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Seegers L, Vos LD, Okeyo DO (2003) Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Kenya (excluding the lacustrine haplochromines from Lake Victoria). J East Afr Nat Hist 92:11–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharf FA (ed) (2005) Expedition from Uganda to Abyssinia (1898). The diary of Lieutenant RGT Bright. Tsehai Publishers, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith WC (1938) Petrographic description of volcanic rocks from Turkana, Kenya Colony, with notes on their field occurrence from the manuscript of Mr. A.W. Champion. Q J Geol Soc Lond 94:507–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith BD (2018) Hunting in yellow waters: an ethnoarchaeological perspective on selective fishing on Lake Turkana. Quat Int 471:241–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spigel RH, Coulter GW (1996) Comparison of hydrology and physical limnology of the East African Great Lakes: Tanganyika, Malawi, Victoria, Kivu and Turkana (with reference to some North American Great Lakes). In: Johnson TC, Odada EO (eds) The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African lakes. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp 103–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamps DS, Calais E, Saria E, Hartnady C, Nocquet JM, Ebinger CJ, Fernandes RM (2008) A kinematic model for the East African rift. Geophys Res Lett 35:L05304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stigand CA (1910) To Abyssinia through an unknown land: an account of a journey through unexplored regions of British East Africa by Lake Rudolf to the Kingdom of Menelek (1910). Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Talling JF, Talling IB (1965) The chemical composition of African lake water. Int Rev Hydrobiol 50:421–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tebbs E, Avery S, Odermatt D (2015) Lake Turkana – monitoring the “Jade Sea” from space. Retrieved (26 Feb 2023) from: http://www.diversity2.info/products/documents/DEL8/D2Story-Turkana.pdf

  • Thuo P (2009) Stratigraphic, petrographic and diagenetic evaluation of Cretaceous/Paleogene potential reservoir sandstones of western Turkana, Kenya. Implications on the petroleum potential of northwestern Kenya. PhD thesis, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiercelin J-J, Potdevin J-L, Morley CK, Talbot MR, Bellon H, Rio A, Le Gall B, Vétel W (2004) Hydrocarbon potential of the Meso-Cenozoic Turkana Depression, northern Kenya. I. Reservoirs: depositional environments, diagenetic characteristics, and source rock-reservoir relationships. Mar Petrol Geol 21:41–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiercelin J-J, Potdevin J-L, Thuo PK, Abdelfettah Y, Schuster M, Bourquin S, Bellon H, Clément J-P, Guillou H, Nalpas T, Ruffet G (2012) Stratigraphy, sedimentology and diagenetic evolution of the Lapur Sandstone in northern Kenya: implications for oil exploration of the Meso-Cenozoic Turkana depression. J Afr Earth Sci 71–72:43–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trauth MH, Bergner AGN, Foerster V, Junginger A, Maslin MA, Schaebitz F (2015) Episodes of environmental stability versus instability in Late Cenozoic lake records of Eastern Africa. J Hum Evol 87:21–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trauth MH, Foerster V, Junginger A, Asrat A, Lamb HF, Schaebitz F (2018) Abrupt or gradual? Change point analysis of the late Pleistocene–Holocene climate record from Chew Bahir, southern Ethiopia. Quat Res 90:321–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trauth MH, Asrat A, Duesing W, Foerster V, Kraemer KH, Marwan N, Maslin MA, Schaebitz F (2019) Classifying past climate change in the Chew Bahir basin, Southern Ethiopia, using recurrence quantification analysis. Clim Dynam 35:115–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallerini L (2019) The origins of the Earth and man. Dipartimento Di Architettura, Universita Degli Studi Firenza

    Google Scholar 

  • van Bocxlaer B (2020) Paleoecological insights from fossil freshwater mollusks of the Kanapoi Formation (Omo-Turkana Basin, Kenya). J Human Evol 140:102341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Lubbe HJL, Krause-Nehring J, Junginger A, Garcin Y, Joordens JCA, Davies GR, Beck C, Feibel CS, Johnson TC, Vonhof HB (2017) Gradual or abrupt? Changes in water source of Lake Turkana (Kenya) during the African Humid Period inferred from Sr isotope ratios. Quat Sci Rev 174:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vannutelli L, Citerni C (1899) L’Omo: Viaggi di esplorazione nell’Africa Orientale. Ulrico Hoepl, Milano

    Google Scholar 

  • Velpuri NM, Senay GB (2012) Assessing the potential hydrological impact of the Gibe III Dam on Lake Turkana water level using multi-source satellite data. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 16:3561–3578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Velpuri NM, Senay GB, Asante KO (2012) A multi-source satellite data approach for modelling Lake Turkana water level: calibration and validation using satellite altimetry data. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 16:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vétel W (2008) Dynamique de l’extension intra-continentale de rift magmatique: le rift Turkana (nord Kenya) de l‘Eocene a l’actuel. PhD thesis, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest

    Google Scholar 

  • Vétel W, Le Gall B (2005) Geometry and growth of an inner rift fault pattern: the Kino Sogo Fault Belt, Turkana Rift (North Kenya). J Struct Geol 27:2204–2222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vétel W, Le Gall B (2006) Dynamics of prolonged continental extension in magmatic rifts: the Turkana Rift case study (North Kenya). In: Yirgu G, Ebinger CJ, Maguire PGH (eds) The Afar Volcanic Province within the East African Rift System. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 259:209–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vétel W, Le Gall B, Johnson TC (2004) Recent tectonics in the Turkana Rift (North Kenya): an integrated approach from drainage network, satellite imagery and reflection seismic analyses. Basin Res 16:165–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vétel W, Le Gall B, Walsh JJ (2005) Geometry and growth of an inner rift pattern: the Kino Sogo Fault Belt, Turkana Rift, north Kenya. J Struct Geol 27:2204–2222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincens A (1982) Palynologie, environnments actuels et plio-pléistocènes à l’Est Turkana (Kenya). PhD thesis, Université d’Aix – Marseille II

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincens A, Tiercelin J-J, Buchet G (2006) New Oligocene-early Miocene microflora from the southwestern Turkana Basin: Palaeoenvironmental implications in the northern Kenya Rift. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 239:470–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Höhnel LR (1894) The discovery of lakes Rudolf and Stephanie: a narrative of Count Samuel Teleki’s exploring & hunting Expedition in Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888 (two volumes). Longmans, Green and Co, London

    Google Scholar 

  • von Höhnel LR (1938) The Lake Rudolf region: its discovery and subsequent exploration, 1888–1909. Part II. J R Afr Soc 37:206–226

    Google Scholar 

  • von Höhnel LR, Rosiwal A, Toula F, Suess E (1891) Beiträge zur geologischen Kenntniss des Östlichen Afrika. Denkschr Akad Wiss Wien Math-Naturw Kl 58:447–584

    Google Scholar 

  • Vondra CF, Johnson GD, Behrensmeyer AK, Bowen BE (1971) Preliminary stratigraphical studies of the East Rudolf basin. Nature 231:245–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh J, Dodson RG (1969) Geology of northern Turkana. Geol Surv Kenya Rep 82

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellby MS (1900) King Menelik’s dominions and the country between Lake Gallop (Rudolf) and the Nile Valley. Geogr J 16:292–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wescott WA, Wigger ST, Stone DM, Morley CK (1999) Geology and geophysics of the Lotikipi plain. In: Morley CK (Ed) Geoscience of rift systems – evolution of East Africa. AAPG Stud Geol 44:55–65

    Google Scholar 

  • White F (1983) The vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation maps of Africa. UNESCO, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitworth T (1960) Fossilized human remains from northern Kenya. Nature 185:947–948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitworth T (1965) The Pleistocene lake beds of Kabua, northern Kenya. Durham Univ J 57:88–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson PG, Savage RJG (1986) Early rift sedimentation in the Turkana basin, northern Kenya. In: Frostick, LE, Renaut, RW, Reid, I, Tiercelin, J-J (eds) Sedimentation in the African rifts. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 25:267–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WoldeGabriel G, Hart WK, Katoh S, Beyene Y, Suwa G (2005) Correlation of Plio-Pleistocene tephra in Ethiopian and Kenyan rift basins: temporal calibration of geological features and hominid fossil records. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 147:81–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington EB (1932) Scientific results of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African Lakes, 1930–1. 2. Fishes other than Cichlidae. J Linn Soc Lond Zool 38:121–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington EB (1936) Scientific results of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African Lakes, 1930–1. 15. The fish of Lake Rudolf and Lake Baringo. J Linn Soc Lond Zool 39:353–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington EB, Ricardo C (1936) Scientific results of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African Lakes 1930–1. 17. The vertical distribution and movements of the plankton in lakes Rudolf, Naivasha. Edward and Bunyoni. J Linn Soc Lond Zool 40:33–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright DK (2019) Long-term dynamics of pastoral ecology in northern Kenya: an old model for new resilience. J Anthropol Arch 55:101068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright DK, Foreman SL (2016) Comment on “Environmental change and human occupation of southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya during the last 20,000 years. Quat Sci Rev 129: 333–340”. Quat Sci Rev 141:126–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright DK, Forman SL (2011) Holocene occupation of the Mount Porr strand plain in southern Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nyame Akuma 76:47–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright DK, Forman SL, Kiura P, Bloszies C, Beyin A (2015) Lakeside view: sociocultural responses to changing water levels of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Afr Arch Rev 32:335–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan J, Hinderer M, Einsele G (2002) Geochemical evolution of closed-basin lakes: general model and application to Lakes Qinghai and Turkana. Sediment Geol 148:105–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yongo EO, Abila RO, Lwenya C (2010) Emerging resource use conflicts between Kenyan fishermen, pastoralists and tribesmen of Lake Turkana. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manage 13:28–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yost CL, Lupien RL, Beck C, Feibel CS, Archer SR, Cohen AS (2021) Orbital influence on precipitation, fire, and grass community composition from 1.87 to 1.38 Ma in the Turkana Basin, Kenya. Front. Earth Sci 9:568646

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuretich R (1976) Sedimentology, geochemistry and geological significance of modern sediments in Lake Rudolf (Lake Turkana). Eastern Rift Valley Kenya. PhD thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuretich R (1979) Modern sediments and sedimentary processes in Lake Rudolf (Lake Turkana) eastern rift valley, Kenya. Sedimentology 26:313–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuretich R (1986) Controls on the composition of modern sediments, Lake Turkana, Kenya. In: Frostick LE, Renaut RW, Reid I, Tiercelin J-J (eds) Sedimentation in the African rifts. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 25:141–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuretich RF, Cerling TE (1983) Hydrogeochemistry of Lake Turkana, Kenya: mass balance and mineral reactions in an alkaline lake. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47:1099–1109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuretich RF, Ervin CE (2002) Clay minerals as paleoenvironmental indicators in two large lakes of the African rift valleys: Lake Malawi and Lake Turkana. In: Renaut, RW, Ashley, GM (eds) Sedimentation in continental rifts. SEPM Spec Publ 73:221–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Zăinescu F, van der Vegt H, Storms J, Nutz A, Bozetti G, May J-H, Cohen S, Bouchette F, May SM, Schuster M (2023) The role of wind-wave related processes in redistributing river-derived terrigenous sediments in Lake Turkana: a modelling study. J Great Lakes Res 49:368–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zavattari E (1941) Von Dubja-fluss zum Rudolfsee; geographisch-geologische reisen und entdeckungen in südlichen Äthiopien. Mitt Geogr ges Wien 84:86–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Zen S, Perona P, Medina-Lopez (2023) River delta eco-morphodynamics under changing scenarios: The case of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Geomorphology 428:108640

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

    Robin W. Renaut

  2. Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

    Richard Bernhart Owen

Authors
  1. Robin W. Renaut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard Bernhart Owen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Renaut, R.W., Owen, R.B. (2023). Lake Turkana. In: The Kenya Rift Lakes: Modern and Ancient. Syntheses in Limnogeology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25055-2_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation