Mistletoe: a festive & freaky parasite

To most people's surprise, our merry mistletoe is actually a parasite that grows on the branches or roots of other plants to steal nutrients and water. The bizarre adaptation started in Australia too – the true home of mistletoe with about 90 different sap-sucking species. 

Hit play and listen to our Branch Out podcast with Botanist Dr Russell Barrett or continue reading below. You'll see that kissing under the mistletoe is the least interesting story about this bizarre group of parasitic plants.

Hungry for a host 

When a mistletoe seed lands on a branch (we'll get to that part later) within days, a tiny tendril emerges, growing quickly and secreting a cocktail of enzymes directly onto the outer layer of the branch.

Unable to resist the attack, the bark produces a small ulcer-like hole into which the tendril probes, seeking its way down into the sappy tree tissue until it hits the water and mineral-rich plumbing of the tree. 

Some mistletoe species are very particular about who they attach themselves too. For example, in Australia we have a species that only grows on Banksia and one that only wants to call the salty mangrove branches home. 

Botanist from the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney  Dr Russell Barrett has a keen interest in these sap-suckers and has collaborated with international researchers to understand more about the origin of these parasitic predators. 

“Mistletoe plants traditionally either belong to the Loranthaceae or the Viscaceae families and in Australia we have about 90 different species,” said Dr Barrett. 

"Mistletoe are over 30 million years old and there has been a lot of debate about where they originally came from and how they are now found in so many different parts of the world.

"Using DNA technology and fossil records we found that the origin of mistletoe is in fact Australia, or at least the part of Australia that was attached to Gondwana," said Dr Barrett.  

As far as plants go, mistletoe is quite remarkable because it relies exclusively on birds to spread its seeds. 

"The mistletoe bird feeds off the berries of the mistletoe plant, and in return for this constant food source, the birds have evolved to be the perfect carrier and distributor of the seeds within," said Dr Barrett.

"The mistletoe bird eats the seeds and then deposits them on the branch of another tree, usually within minutes,” said Dr Barrett.   

However, the mistletoe bird is relative newcomer and only arrived in Australia about one to two million years ago from Asia. So how did mistletoe make its way from Australia to the rest of the world? "Mistletoe got to Asia from Australia somewhere in the order of about 25 million years ago during a time when Australia and Asia were still quite separated, but the first islands were being pushed up between them," said Dr Barrett.  "There were only pigeons and cuckoos in Australia around during this time and they are the only birds really capable of fly between 500-1000km. "The theory is that due to the high sugar content in mistletoe fruit, it's likely it sustained them on their long cross ocean voyages between Australia and Asia," said Dr Barrett.  Read more about Dr Barrett's research in 'Historical biogeography of Loranthaceae (Santalales): Diversification agrees with emergence of tropical forests and radiation of songbirds' published in the journal Molecular Phylogentics and Evolution.  

The oldest mistletoe surviving today is Nuytsia floribunda, which is found in Western Australia. It’s actually known as the Christmas tree because it blooms so dramatically in summer. The showy orange flowers have been likened to ‘a bushfire without smoke’.  It's a local legend for another reason too... This sap-sucker is one of two species that attaches itself to the underground roots of other plants. It has blades on its roots sharp enough to break skin and slice through underground cables!  "When they were running the first telephone lines from Perth to Geraldton across the sandplains where Nuytsia grows, they kept breaking and they had no idea why," said Dr Barrett.  A bit of digging quickly revealed that the beloved Christmas tree was mistakingly attaching itself to the telephone cables in search of a host with nutrients and water.  "When Nuytsia runs into a root (or cable) it forms a collar of tissue around it that resembles a swollen wedding ring, and a hydraulically operated blade forms inside that," said Dr Barrett.   This mistletoe's alarming culinary habits are also referred to in Vincent Serventy’s book Dryandra: The Story of an Australian Forest. In the early 60’s the mistletoe also targeted a space tracking station in Western Australia which was connected by underground cables. Serventy wrote, ‘All went well until six months later. Somewhere the cables had short-circuited. The engineer raised the cable and found encircling it rings of white flesh.’ Serventy also jokes that Nuytsia would have suffered ‘some disgust, one imagines, as there would be little nourishment in those messages from outer space’.

Aboriginal culture and the condition of country

Mistletoe is most popularly known through its place in ancient legends and mythology, and its widespread use in folk medicine. Given it calls Australia home, it is also important to many Aboriginal people.  "For some Aboriginal people, mistletoe was primarily a source of food because their sticky fruits are sweet. The medical properties of particular species were even used to treat common colds," said Dr Barrett.  "Mistletoe is is also very soft-stemmed and you can peel back its layers like an onion. This means they are very fire-sensitive and they act as an important indicator for the condition of country to Aboriginal people," said Dr Barrett.  The Western Australian Christmas tree is particularly sacred to the Noongar Aboriginal people in Perth because it is a transit point for dead spirits and is intimately connected to the afterlife. A Noongar elder explains that ‘A spirit sits on the tree until it flowers. Then the spirit moves on to the spirit world in conjunction with easterly winds and fire, which take the spirit out over the sea.’

The plant’s parasitic nature is probably why people began to think mistletoe was special enough to kiss under in the first place. The earliest chapter in mistletoe folklore is said to come from Norse mythology.  The god Odin had a son Baldaur who was prophesied to die. Baldaur’s mother, Frigg, the goddess of love, then went to all the animals and plants of the natural world to secure an oath that they would not harm him. However, Frigg forgot about the unassuming mistletoe, so the scheming god Loki made an arrow from the plant and saw that it was used to kill the otherwise invincible Baldaur. In one version of the story, Frigg cried over the dart lodged in her dead son and the tears turned into berries that brought him back to life. In return to the miracle, Frigg declared mistletoe a symbol of love and vowed to plant a kiss on all those who passed beneath it. If you find yourself underneath a mistletoe this holiday season, maybe instead of sharing a kiss, you might like to share a fun fact about them instead. 

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