CHAPTER VII
Weapons

Section I. INTRODUCTION

1. General

Before and during the first years of the present war it was the policy of the German army to use the smallest variety of weapons consistent with meeting operational requirements, while emphasis was maintained on developing weapons with a high degree of fighting efficiency. Recent developments in warfare, however, particularly in the last year, gradually have forced the Germans to adopt the opposite policy of experimentation with many innovations in weapon design.

2. Recent Trends

Within the last 12 months distinct trends in the development of German weapons have become apparent.

a. TANKS AND TANK DESTROYERS. First, there has been a tendency for tanks and tank destroyers to become armed and armored more heavily at the expense to some extent of mobility and maneuverability. This is compensated for by the ability to open effective fire at very long ranges.

b. INFANTRY ANTITANK WEAPONS. Second, there has been a striking increase in the ability of the German infantry to combat Allied tanks. This has been accomplished by the development and constant improvement of close-range grenade and rocket launchers employing the hollow-charge principle.

c. ROCKET WEAPONS. Third, German experiments which began before the war have materialized into a comparatively wide range of rocket weapons used to supplement orthodox artillery. These experiments with rockets are being continued, and improvements in range and accuracy may be expected. In the event of the outbreak of chemical warfare, rocket weapons will assume a greater significance than at present. The German recoilless gun (originally developed as an airborne gun) comes close to combining the lightness andmobility of the rocket weapon with the range and accuracy of the standard type of howitzer.

d. ARTILLERY. There have been some belated attempts on the part of the Germans at improvements in their standard artillery, but no basic redesign appears contemplated at present.

Section II. SMALL ARMS

1. General

The general trends in German small arms have been an increase in production of semiautomatic and fully automatic weapons and an increase in the rate of fire of machine guns. During 1944, additional close-quarter antitank weapons have been included among German small arms.

2. Pistols

a. GENERAL. The two standard pistols now in use in the German Army are the Luger, which was used in the last war, and a more modern weapon, the Walther; neither German weapon has the shock effect of the U.S. M1911 or M1911 A1 Colt .45. The Mauser pistol is seldom encountered.


Figure 1.--Luger Pistole 08, caliber 9 mm.

b. LUGER PISTOL (Pistole 08). (1) General description. This is a semiautomatic, recoil-operated pistol with a toggle-joint breech action (Fig. 1).

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The safety is located on the left rear side of the body. The pistol is set on "safe" when "Gesichert"is showing. There is also a longer model of this pistol, provision being made on the rear side of the grip for a stock attachment. Construction is almost identical with the standard model except that the barrel is longer, and a leaf rear sight graduated up to 800 meters is attached.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. The Luger pistol fires the standard German 9-mm Parabellum ammunition.

Figure 2.--Walther Pistole 38, caliber 9 mm
Figure 2.--Walther Pistole 38, caliber 9 mm.

c. WALTHER PISTOL (Pistole 38). (1) General description. The Walther weapon is a semiautomatic pistol with a grip magazine feed. It is recoil-operated, the breech mechanism sliding to the rear after each round has been fired. The pistol may be carried loaded with the hammer uncocked; the first shot may be fired by a double-action mechanism. The safety is a catch on the left-hand side of the body.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. German or British 9-mm Parabellum ammunition may be used in this weapon.

d. MAUSER PISTOL. (1) General description. The Mauser can be used as a semiautomatic pistol or as a carbine when attached to its woodenholster, which is in the shape of a hollow stock. The safety is at the left rear above the trigger guard. The weapon is fed ammunition from a 10-round fixed magazine inserted forward of the trigger guard. Twenty-round magazines are used when the weapon is employed as a carbine.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. Standard 9-mm ammunition is used.

3. Signal Pistols

a. LIGHT SIGNAL PISTOL (Leuchtpistole). This is the standard German signal pistol; it is 26.7-mm caliber, has a smooth bore, and fires a series of colored signal cartridges, as well as a whistling cartridge (Pfeifpatrone) used as a gas warning signal.


Figure 3.--Kampfpistole (grenade and signal pistol).

b. MODIFIED SIGNAL PISTOL (Kampfpistole).

The Germans have modified the Leuchtpistole by rifling the bore and providing a small sight to produce the Kampfpistole (Fig. 3). With these alterations a small, nose-fused HE grenade, a smoke grenade, and an orange smoke grenade are fired in addition to the standard signal cartridges. The pistol has a maximum range of about 100 yards, firing a 5-ounce HE round.

c. DOUBLE-BARRELED SIGNAL PISTOL.

This pistol is similar to the standard Leuchtpistole but has a double barrel and trigger mechanism. At the rear of the hammer action, and above the pistol grip, is a change lever of the type used on double-barreled

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shotguns. This may be set so either one or both of the barrels will fire when the trigger is squeezed. The standard signal cartridges are fired.

Figure 4.--Sturmpistole (modified light signal pistol)
Figure 4.--Sturmpistole (modified light signal pistol).

Figure 5.--Sturmpistole (modified light signal pistol)
Figure 5.--Sturmpistole (modified light signal pistol).

d. GRENADE AND SIGNAL PISTOL (Sturmpistole). This weapon consists basically of the standard Leuchtpistole to which a loose steel liner is fitted (Figs. 4 and 5). This liner is rifled and fitted with a base, which prevents firing a standard round through the liner. A combined front and rear sight is clamped around the barrel,and a folding stock is attached above the pistol grip. The liner and the folding stock enable this pistol to fire a hollow-charge grenade as a close-quarter weapon against tanks (Fig. 5). With the steel liner removed this pistol will fire the standard signal cartridges fired from the Leuchtpistole.

4. Machine Pistols

a. M.P. (Maschinenpistole) 40. (1) General description. This blowback-operated machine pistol (Fig. 6) was developed from the M.P. 38, an earlier model designed for issue to parachute troops and still used. Distinctive features of both weapons are the folding stock and all metal and plastic construction. The safety recess at the rear of the cocking-handle stop is marked "S". To set the weapon on "safe", the operating handle is pulled back as far as it will go and then pushed upward into the safety notch. On later models, a safety stud is located on the cocking handle. The magazine is inserted in a vertical position on the underside of the receiver. The weapon has a 100-meter (109 yards) fixed rear sight and a 200-meter (219 yards) folding rear sight.

(2) Characteristics.

Figure 6.--M.P.40, caliber 9 mm, showing magazine
Figure 6.--M.P.40, caliber 9 mm, showing magazine.

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Figure 7.--M.P. 43/1, caliber 7.92 mm, showing magazine in place for firing
Figure 7.--M.P. 43/1, caliber 7.92 mm, showing magazine in place for firing.

Figure 8.--M.P. 44, (modified M.P. 43), caliber 7.92 mm, with grenade launcher attached
Figure 8.--M.P. 44, (modified M.P. 43), caliber 7.92 mm, with grenade launcher attached.

(3) Ammunition. This weapon uses the standard 9-mm Parabellum ammunition.

b. MODEL 43/1 MACHINE PISTOL (M.P. (Maschinenpistole) 43/1). (1) General description. This gas-operated machine pistol (Fig. 7) is constructed almost entirely of metal stampings and can be stripped only to a limited degree. Although provision is made for both single-shot and automatic fire, bursts of more than five rounds are not recommended, and the pistol is best used as a single-shot weapon. This weapon has not proved very successful because it is impossible to repair in the field and because of its poor firing characteristics. The stampings forming the gas cylinder and body casings are made of thin material and are very easily damaged. The weapon is fed by a curved magazine below the receiver and has an 800-meter (876 yards) leaf rear sight.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. A special type of short rifle caliber ammunition is used in this machine pistol.

c. M.P. (Maschinenpistole) 44. This weapon is the M.P. 43/1 slightly modified to accommodate the standard rifle grenade launcher cup (Schiessbecher). The barrel is machined down at the muzzle end and the front sight block is smaller and located farther forward to allow the launcher cup to be attached. Although it is presumed that the standard rifle grenades can be fired from the M.P. 44, it is not certain that this has yet become an operational practice.

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5. Rifles and Automatic Rifles

a. MODEL 98 RIFLE AND CARBINE (Gewehr 98 and Karabiner 98). (1) General description. The standard German rifles and carbines are all of the same basic bolt-operated Mauser design (Figs. 9 and 10), but may be divided into three distinct types. These are the rifle Model 98 (Gewehr 98) which is 49 inches long and has the sling fitted underneath; the long barrel carbine Model 98 b (Karabiner 98 b) which is approximately the same length as the rifle; and the short carbine Model 98k (Karabiner 98k) which is 431/2 inches long. Each weapon has a safety catch at the rear of the bolt similar to the safety on the U.S. rifle M1903 and a blade front sight and V rear sight graduated from 100 to 2,000 meters (109 to 2,190 yards). The Gewehr 98 fires rifle grenades from a grenade launcher cup or from a spigot launcher.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. These weapons fire the standard German 7.92-mm rimless small-arms ammunition.

b. MODEL 33/40 RIFLE (Gewehr 33/40). The Germans have designed the Gewehr 33/40 as a special short rifle for parachutists or for personnel carrying concealed arms. The weapon is fitted with a folding stock, hinged on the left and retained in position by a press catch on the right side. When the rifle is not in use, the stock can be folded along the left of the piece. Apart from the folding stock the rifle is normal in design and similar to the 98 models.

c. MODEL 41 RIFLE (Gewehr 41). (1) General description. This is a semiautomatic rifle (Fig. 10) which is made in two models, the Gewehr 41m and Gewehr 41w, similar in operation and differing only slightly in construction. Both models are gas-operated; the gases are compressed in a gas choke at the muzzle, forcing to the rear a floating piston mounted concentrically around the barrel. The movement of the piston is communicated to the bolt head, and the rifle is recocked automatically after each round has been fired. The weapon is fed through a magazine fixed in the receiver which holds two standard rifle clips. Both models have a blade front sight and leaf rear sight graduated from 100 to 1,200 meters (109 to 1,310 yards). When fitted with a telescopic sight this rifle can be used as a sniper's weapon.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. This weapon fires the 7.92-mm rimless ammunition.

Figure 9.--Gewehr 98 with grenade launcher attached, showing rifle grenades
Figure 9.--Gewehr 98 with grenade launcher attached, showing rifle grenades.

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Figure 10.--Gewehr 41, caliber 7.92 mm semiautomatic rifle
Figure 10.--Gewehr 41, caliber 7.92 mm semiautomatic rifle.

Figure 11.--Fallschirmjdgergewehr 42, caliber 7.92 mm automatic rifle
Figure 11.--Fallschirmjdgergewehr 42, caliber 7.92 mm automatic rifle.

d. MODEL 42 AUTOMATIC RIFLE (Fallschirmjägergewehr 42). (1) General description. Although the German nomenclature indicates that this rifle (Fig. 11) is intended to be an automatic weapon for use by parachute troops, it also can be used as a light machine gun or a machine carbine. The weapon is designed more like a light machine gun than a rifle. It is gas-operated, fitted with a permanently attached folding bipod, and can be fired automatically or single shot. A compensator is attached to the muzzle, and provision is made for the attachment of a telescopic sight. A bayonet also is attached. The magazine is held in a horizontal position on the left of the receiver. The aperture rear sight is graduated from 100 to 1,200 meters (109 to 1,310 yards). The safety is located on the left side above the pistol grip, and the lever for selecting automatic or single-shot fire is placed above and to the rear of the trigger. Alater model of this weapon, slightly heavier and more solidly constructed, has the bipod closer to the muzzle.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. Standard 7.92-mm ammunition is used in this weapon.

e. MODEL 43 SEMIAUTOMATIC RIFLE (Karabiner 43). (1) General description. This weapon, originally known as the Gewehr 43, is a semiautomatic rifle and was developed from the Gewehr 41. The trigger and bolt mechanisms are the same as those used on the Gewehr 41, but the piston and gas cylinder are of different design. The piston group is located on top of the barrel

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instead of concentrically. The rifle may be loaded by inserting either a fully loaded magazine or two cartridge clips into an empty magazine from the top. The leaf rear sight is graduated from 100 to 1,250 meters (109 to 1,365 yards).

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. Standard 7.92-mm ammunition is used in this weapon.

6. Machine Guns

a. MODEL 34 MACHINE GUN (M.G. 34). (1) General description. This weapon (Figs. 12 and 13) was the original standard German dual-purpose machine gun and is still used, although it has been replaced largely by the M.G. 42. (M.G. is the German abbreviation for Maschinengewehr, which means "machine gun".) It may be used on a bipod, on single or dual AA mounts, or mounted on a tripod as a heavy machine gun. It still is used as the subsidiary armament of all German tanks. It is operated by short recoil, assisted by muzzle blast, and has a standard Solothurn-type breech mechanism. The gun has a leaf rear sight graduated from 200 to 2,000 meters (219 to 2,190 yards), an AA ring sight, and an optical sight for use with the tripod mount. It is fed either by 50-round metallic-link belts, which may be connected together, or by drums. The weapon is air-cooled by a perforated barrel jacket.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. The M.G. 34 fires 7.92-mm rimless small-arms ammunition.

Figure 12.--M.G. 34, caliber 7.92 mm, on bipod mount as light machine gun
Figure 12.--M.G. 34, caliber 7.92 mm, on bipod mount as light machine gun.

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Figure 13.--M.G. 34, caliber 7.92 mm, on tripod mount as heavy machine gun
Figure 13.--M.G. 34, caliber 7.92 mm, on tripod mount as heavy machine gun.

Figure 14.--M.G. 42, caliber 7.92 mm, on bipod mount
Figure 14.--M.G. 42, caliber 7.92 mm, on bipod mount.

b. MODEL 42 MACHINE GUN (M.G. 42). (1) General description. This is the latest type of German machine gun known and in most cases has replaced the M.G. 34 as a standard dual-purpose weapon (Fig. 14). Like the M.G. 34, it may be used on a fixed bipod, a tripod mount, or an antiaircraft mount. The square barrel casing makes this machine gun unsuitable as a tank weapon. The main features of the weapon are the extensive use of pressings in its construction, a greatly increased rate of fire, and a quick barrel change feature necessitated by the high rate of fire which causes the gun to heat rapidly. The weapon is fundamentally similar to the M.G. 34 and has the same short recoil action. It has no provision for single-shot fire, however.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. This machine gun fires the standard German 7.92-mm rimless ammunition.

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Figure 15.--M.G. 15, caliber 7.92 mm, aircraft machine gun adapted for ground use
Figure 15.--M.G. 15, caliber 7.92 mm, aircraft machine gun adapted for ground use.

c. MODEL 15 MACHINE GUN (M.G. 15). (1) General description. Although primarily intended as an aircraft machine gun, the M.G. 15 has been adopted as a ground weapon (Fig. 15), using an adapter, which clips around the barrel for attaching the standard bipod, and a butt extension. It is a light weapon and has short recoil action, firing automatic only.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. The standard 7.92-mm rimless ammunition is used in this machine gun.

Figure 16.--M.G. 151/20, a 20-mm aircraft machine gun
Figure 16.--M.G. 151/20, a 20-mm aircraft machine gun.

d. MODEL 151/20 MACHINE GUN (M.G. 151/20). (1) General description. Although primarily an aircraft machine gun (Fig. 16), it also has been found on an improvised ground mount as an antitank weapon and triple-mounted on a half-tracked vehicle. When used on the ground, the gun is hand cocked and mechanically fired, instead of utilizing the electrical cocking and firing mechanism provided for its use in aircraft. The gun is entirely recoil-operated. The 15-mm M.G. 151 is sometimes used instead of the M.G. 151/20 on the triple mount. It often is supposed that these two are the same gun fitted with interchangeable barrels; this is not the case, although the guns are very similar in construction.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. This gun fires HE, AP, and APHE ammunition.

7. Antitank Weapons

a. RIFLES. The original German antitank rifles were the 7.92-mm Panzerbüchse 38, with automatic extraction mechanism, and the 7.92-mm Panzerbüchse 39, operated entirely by hand. These weapons were not very effective and are

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now obsolete. Next followed the 20-mm Solothurn, which was issued in two models: one single shot, and the other both single shot and automatic. The tendency during 1944 has been to adopt anti-tank grenade launchers in preference to rifles, and the only relic of these four models is the Granatbüchse, which is a Panzerbüchse 39 modified to fire rifle grenades from a rifle launcher cup.

Figure 17.--Panzerbüchse 39, a 7.92-mm antitank rifle
Figure 17.--Panzerbüchse 39, a 7.92-mm antitank rifle.

Figure 18.--Granatbüchse 39, a 7.92-mm antitank rifle modified for launching rifle grenades
Figure 18.--Granatbüchse 39, a 7.92-mm antitank rifle modified for launching rifle grenades.

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Figure 19.--Faustpatrone 2 (Panzerfaust), 44-mm recoilless antitank grenade launcher
Figure 19.--Faustpatrone 2 (Panzerfaust), 44-mm recoilless antitank grenade launcher, showing launching tube and grenade.

b. RECOILLESS ANTITANK GRENADE LAUNCHERS--Panzerfaust. This is a series of antitank grenade launchers each bearing the name Panzerfaust but each having a different number after the name.

(1) Panzerfaust 30
(a) General Description. This weapon, also known as the Faustpatrone 2, was the first of the four models of recoilless antitank grenade dischargers to be produced. It is designed for use against armor at ranges of about 30 yards, at which range a penetration of just over 200 mm is obtained.

The weapon consists of a steel launching tube, containing a percussion fired propellent charge. A hollow-charge antitank grenade is fired from the tube.

The weapon is fired from the standing, kneeling or prone positions, aim being taken over the vertical sight and the forward end of the bomb.

(b) Characteristics.

(c) Ammunition. The grenade is provided with spring steel fins which are wrapped around the tail for loading and which are released as the projectile leaves the tube and stabilize the bomb during fight.

(2) Panzerfaust Klein 30
This weapon, also known as the Faustpatrone 1 or Gretchen, is a smaller version of the Panzerfaust 30 and has a differently shaped projectile head. The system of operation is the same and the range is again about 30 yards. A penetration of 140 mm is claimed for this projectile.

(3) Panzerfaust 60
This launcher is similar in appearance to the Panzerfaust 30. A redesigned firing mechanism has been fitted and also a new sight, which has apertures for 30, 60 and 80 meters.

The tube of this weapon is slightly thicker than that of the Panzerfaust 30 and the weight has been increased to 131/2 lbs.

The penetration figure of 200 mm for the Panzerfaust 30 will apply equally well to this weapon.

(4) Panzerfaust 100
This is the latest of the Panzerfaust series of antitank launchers to be encountered. In appearance it is similar to the Panzerfaust 60, though slightly increased in size and performance. A penetration figure of 200 mm is claimed for this weapon, which is sighted up to 150 meters.

c. ROCKET LAUNCHER (Raketenpanzerbüchse 54). (1) General description. This weapon, which is also known as the Ofenrohr (Stovepipe) or Panzerschreck (Tank Terror), is similar to the U.S. 2.36-inch rocket launcher (Bazooka) and fires a hollow-charge rocket projectile. The launcher consists of a steel tube provided with fore and back sights and a cocking lever and trigger which operate an electrical firing mechanism. For firing, the rocket is inserted in the rear of the tube, where it is retained in position by a catch and makes a contact with the electrical leads at the rear of the launcher. When the trigger is pressed, a magnetized rod passes through a coil located in a housing underneath the projector. This generates a current which provides the spark necessary to ignite the propellent charge in the tail end of the projectile. Later models of this projector are fitted with steel protective shields clamped around the barrel. In each shield there is an observation window on the left of the firer. These shields eliminate the necessity for the firer to wear protective clothing. The Germans claim

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an effective range of 120 meters (130 yards) for this weapon.

Figure 20.--Raketenpanzerbüchse 54, an 88-mm antitank rocket launcher
Figure 20.--Raketenpanzerbüchse 54, an 88-mm antitank rocket launcher.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. The projectile is a 7-pound hollow-charge rocket containing a propellent in the tail tube. The rocket is equipped with a nose fuze and a circular tail fin. It measures 2 feet 11/4 inches in length.

d. HEAVY ROCKET LAUNCHER (Raketenwerfer 43 or Püppchen). (1) General description. A heavier version of the Raketenpanzerbüchse, this weapon fires hollow-charge rockets against tanks. The barrel, mounted on a two-wheeled, single-trail carriage with protective shield, has a simple hinged breechblock with striker mechanism. No traversing or elevating wheels are provided on the carriage; the gun must be held at the required elevation by a spade hand grip and manually traversed on a traversing slide. The weapon has a front sight and an adjustable rear sight mounted on the barrel. The rear sight is graduated from 180 to 700 meters (195 to 765 yards). This may mean that the weapon can be used in an antipersonnel role as a mortar at long ranges.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. The projectile is an 88-mm hollow-charge rocket similar to that used with the Raketenpanzerbüchse, but with a flash cap in the center of a rimmed base fitting over the end of the stabilizing fins. The rimmed base serves as a cartridge case and remains in the breech after the projectile has been fired.

Figure 21.--Raketenwerfer 43 (Puppchen), 88-mm rocket projector
Figure 21.--Raketenwerfer 43 (Püppchen), 88-mm rocket projector.

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Section III. MORTARS

1. General

The Germans began the war with two principal mortars: the 50-mm and 81-mm pieces as company and battalion weapons, respectively. They found, however, that these weapons did not match the mortar fire power of their enemies, particularly that of the Russians. Two principal measures were taken in an effort to correct this deficiency. A short 81-mm mortar was developed for use as a light weapon to supplement the 50-mm piece. A copy of the Russian 120-mm mortar, which far surpassed the performance of any German mortar, was adopted.

Figure 22.--5 cm leichter Granatenwerfer 36
Figure 22.--5 cm leichter Granatenwerfer 36.

2. Light Mortars

a. 50-MM MORTAR (5 cm Leichter Granatenwerfer 36). (1) General description. This is a muzzle-loaded, trigger-fired weapon used solely for high angle fire. Elevation is adjusted by an elevating arm attached to the baseplate and supporting the tube, with provision for both coarse and fine adjustment. Traverse of about 15 degrees in either direction is controlled by a traversing arc of conventional design. Two cross-leveling handscrews, one on each side of the baseplate, are used for initial laying and to steady the mortar during firing.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. This weapon fires an HE shell weighing 2.2 pounds, including 4.5 ounces of TNT explosive filling.

b. 50-MM AUTOMATIC MORTAR (5 cm Maschinengranatwerfer). (1) General description. This power-operated automatic mortar is almost twice as long as the standard 50-mm weapon. Six-round clips are manually loaded into a rack on the left side. As each round is fed onto the breechblock, the tube slides down over the shell and locks, releasing the firing pin. The feeding, locking, and firing mechanisms are electrically operated. The mortar has been found only in special concrete turrets in fixed defensive systems. These emplacements, below ground except for the roof of the turret, incorporate ammunition storage, power plant, ammunition hoist, and living quarters for the crew.

(2) Ammunition. Standard 50-mm ammunition is fired and a range scale in the turret indicates a maximum range of 820 yards.

3. Medium Mortars

a. 81-MM MORTAR (8 cm Schwerer Granatenwerfer 34). (1) General description. This weapon is the German equivalent of the U.S. 81-mm mortar M-1. It is a smooth-bore, muzzle-loaded weapon with a fixed firing pin. The elevating, traversing, and cross-leveling mechanisms are of conventional design.

(2) Characteristics.

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Figure
Figure 23.--8 cm schwerer Granatenwerfer (81-mm mortar) in action.

Figure 24.--8 cm schwerer Granatenwerfer 34 or 81-mm mortar
Figure 24.--8 cm schwerer Granatenwerfer 34 or 81-mm mortar.

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(3) Ammunition. The HE shell contains 1.1 pounds of TNT, and the smoke shell contains 1 pound of sulphur trioxide. In addition to the standard smoke and HE ammunition, another shell known as the "bouncing bomb" was used with this mortar to provide air burst, but proved unsuccessful. This projectile weighed the same as the standard HE shell but contained only 0.8 pound of TNT.

Figure 25.--8 cm Kurzer Granatenwerfer 42 or short 81-mm
Figure 25.--8 cm Kurzer Granatenwerfer 42 or short 81-mm.

b. SHORT 81-MM MORTAR (8 cm Kurzer Granatenwerfer 42). (1) General description. This weapon represents an attempt to combine the hitting power of a medium mortar with the mobility and lightness of a smaller weapon, such as the 50-mm mortar. It is a reduced version of the standard 81-mm mortar with modified elevating and traversing gears. The cross-leveling mechanism is similar to that used in the U.S. 81-mm mortar M-1.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. This weapon fires the same ammunition as the standard 81-mm mortar, but only three increments may be used, giving a maximum range of 1,200 yards with HE.

4. Heavy Mortars

a. 105-MM SMOKE MORTAR (10 cm Nebelwerfer 35). (1) General description. This is an enlarged version of the standard 81-mm mortar. Issued originally to chemical warfare troops, it was intended primarily for firing smoke and chemical shells, although HE shells now are issued. In appearance the mortar is almost identical with the 81-mm mortar,

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. Both HE and smoke shells weigh 16 pounds. The HE shell contains 3.75 pounds of TNT.

b. CHEMICAL MORTAR (10 cm Nebelwerfer 40). (1) General description. This is a smoothbore, breech-loaded weapon transported on a carriage from which it can be fired. The mortar is of monobloc construction. The unusual breech mechanism is so designed that the movement of the operating handle causes the rear of the mortar to ride over the breechblock, which is secured to the frame. A buffer cylinder is located internally on each side of the frame, the buffer pistons being attached to the sides of the breechblock. The carriage is constructed of steel tubing- and provided with elevating and traversing gears and a sighting arrangement.

(2) Characteristics.

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Figure 26.--10 cm Nebelwerfer 40
Figure 26.--10 cm Nebelwerfer 40.

(3) Ammunition. This mortar fires both HE and smoke projectiles. The smoke shell weighs 0.5 pound more than the HE shell.

c. 105-MM FIXED DEFENSE MORTAR (10 cm Leichte Haubitze Turm). (1) General description. This mortar is incorporated in underground defensive systems. The mortar itself is located in the upper compartment of a large cylindrical emplacement and is completely enclosed except for a small firing aperture covered by a steel shutter. The lower compartment is used for storing ammunition and housing the crew. Ammunition is carried up to the mortar on a conveyor belt and is manually loaded. The mortar is a smooth-bore, breech-loaded weapon, fitted with a semiautomatic breech mechanism, horizontal sliding breechblock, and hydropneumatic recoil system. The mortar tube is held in a cradle which may be raised and locked into firing position. The traversing mechanism is arranged so that turning the traversing handle rotates the entire fighting compartment. Fire normally is controlled electrically from an observation post, but also can be controlled by means of a periscope in the fighting compartment.

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(2) Characteristics. Details of the characteristics of this weapon are lacking. Limits of elevation are 45 degrees to 90 degrees.

(3) Ammunition.

Ammunition fired is the same as that used with the 105-mm smoke mortar (Nebelwerfer 40) but with different charge weights.

Figure 27.--12 cm Granatenwerfer 42 or 120-mm mortar
Figure 27.--12 cm Granatenwerfer 42 or 120-mm mortar.

d. 120-MM MORTAR (12 cm Granatenwerfer 42). (1) General description. This is a virtually exact German copy of a standard Russian weapon. The mortar itself is of conventional construction and consists of a tube, a circular baseplate, and a bipod. It has the advantage of being highly mobile, however, since it is equipped with a two-wheeled, quickly attached axle, and the bipod is carried clamped to the mortar ready for action. The weapon can be quickly towed or manhandled into a new firing position. The heavy shell and long range of this weapon provide a type of fire support comparable with that from the 105-mm field howitzer.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. This mortar fires four types of HE projectiles.

Figure 28.--20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer light spigot mortar
Figure 28.--20 cm leichter Ladungswerfer light spigot mortar.

e. 200-MM LIGHT SPIGOT MORTAR (20 cm Leichter Ladungswerfer). (1) General description. This weapon consists of a bipod, baseplate, spigot, and spigot arm. The baseplate is of conventional German design and is provided with a socket to receive the base-cap knob at the lower end of the spigot. The bipod is similar to that used with the 81-mm and 105-mm mortars but has more powerful shock absorbers. The spigot is in the form of a drawn steel tube reduced at the lower end where it is threaded to receive the supporting

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arm. Two insulated electrical contact plates are located above the supporting arm and are connected internally to a contact tube running to the upper end of the spigot to contact the electric primer of the propelling charge.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. This mortar fires HE or smoke projectiles. The HE shell contains 15 pounds of amatol explosive. Reports indicate ammunition known as the "harpoon projectile" is also used. This shell is said to project a cord and grapnel with which to clear mines or networks of charges.

f. 380-MM HEAVY SPIGOT MORTAR (38 cm Schwerer Ladungswerfer). (1) General description. No details of this weapon are available, its existence having been established from identification of a 380-mm HE spigot shell. This mortar is probably an enlarged version of the 200-mm weapon.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. Both HE and smoke ammunition are fired by this mortar. The HE shell bursting charge weighs 110 pounds.

[VII-18]

Section IV. ARTILLERY

1. General

a. DEVELOPMENT. The Germans, comparatively speaking, neglected their artillery during the early stages of the war and since have been compelled to give increased thought to it. The German concept of modern war in 1939 was that of the Blitzkrieg or "Lightning War", in which armor and the dive bomber jointly were to dominate the battlefield. The enemy was to be softened up by bombing and smashed by the tanks, and artillery scarcely had more than a subsidiary role. The Blitzkrieg was successful against inadequately equipped armies, but the gradual recovery of Germany's enemies and the complete bankruptcy of the "Lightning War" theory have compelled the Germans to attempt a refurbishing of their artillery doctrine.

b. DIVISION ARTILLERY. The division artillery weapons with which Germany started the war were all of the "18" class (10 cm le. F.H. 18, 10 cm K. 18, 15 cm s. F.H. 18), and all these guns are still standard. Various experimental modifications may be standardized eventually as "42" series, but no fundamental redesign of any of their weapons appears to be contemplated at present.

2. Infantry Guns

a. 75-MM LIGHT INFANTRY GUN (7.5 cm le. I. G. 18). (1) General description. The 7.5 cm le. I. G. 18 is an infantry close-support weapon firing in both lower and upper registers. It has a box-type mount on pneumatic-tired disk wheels, and is fitted with a shield. A modification, the le. Geb. I. G. 18, has wooden-spoked wheels, a split tubular trail, and no shield; this version has similar performance and is used by airborne troops. Both models have an unusual tube, encased in a slipper block. Operation of the breech mechanism causes the rear of the tube to rise clear of the block for loading.

Figure 29.--7.5 cm le. I.G. 18 (75-mm light infantry gun) in action
Figure 29.--7.5 cm le. I.G. 18 (75-mm light infantry gun) in action.

[VII-19]

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE and hollow-charge rounds are fired by this gun. The HE rounds weigh 13.2 and 12.13 pounds.

b. 75-MM INFANTRY GUN (7.5 cm le. I. G. 37). (1) General description. The 7.5 cm le. I. G. 37, formerly called 7.5 cm Pak 37, consists of a 75-mm tube, 21 calibers long, on the 3.7 cm Pak mount. The gun has a four-baffle muzzle brake which is square in cross section.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE and hollow-charge projectiles are fired. They are identical to those used with the 7.5 cm le. I.G. 18. The hollow-charge projectile will penetrate 75 mm (2.95 inches) at 30 degrees from normal.

c. 150-MM HEAVY INFANTRY GUN (15 cm s. I. G. 33). (1) General description. The 15 cm s. I. G. 33 is a standard infantry weapon, which can be used for high- or low-angle fire. The tube is monobloc, with a horizontal sliding breechblock and cartridge case obturation. The piece is mounted on a two-wheeled carriage with a box trail. Recently this gun has been issued with a stick bomb used against wire and minefields.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE and smoke projectiles are fired, in addition to a stick bomb. Projectile weights are: HE, 84 pounds; smoke, 85 pounds; and stick bomb, 197 pounds.

Figure 30.--15 cm s. I.G. 33 (150-mm heavy infantry gun) showing box trail
Figure 30.--15 cm s. I.G. 33 (150-mm heavy infantry gun) showing box trail.

[VII-20]

>Figure 31.--7.5 cm Geb. G. 36 (75-mm mountain howitzer) with perforated cylindrical muzzle brake
Figure 31.--7.5 cm Geb. G. 36 (75-mm mountain howitzer) with perforated cylindrical muzzle brake.

3. Mountain Guns

a. 75-MM MOUNTAIN HOWITZER (7.5 cm Geb. G. 36). (1) General description. The 7.5 cm Geb. G. 36 is the standard German light mountain howitzer. The monobloc tube may be fitted with either a baffled or a perforated cylindrical muzzle brake. Both the buffer and recuperator are below the tube. The breachblock is a horizontal sliding type, and the mount has split-box trails, solid rubber tires, but no shield. The howitzer may be quickly broken down into 11 pack loads, the heaviest of which are the tube (249 pounds), and the cradle and recoil system (250 pounds).

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE and hollow-charge projectiles are fired. The HE projectiles weigh 12.6 pounds, and 12.81 pounds. The hollow-charge projectile weighs 9.75 pounds.

Figure 32.--10.5 cm Geb. H. 40 (105-mm mountain howitzer) with double-baffle muzzle brake
Figure 32.--10.5 cm Geb. H. 40 (105-mm mountain howitzer) with double-baffle muzzle brake.

[VII-21]

b. 105-MM MOUNTAIN HOWITZER (10.5 cm Geb. H. 40). (1) General description. This weapon is the latest German mountain artillery piece to appear. It is fitted with a double-baffle muzzle brake with wide side flanges, and has a horizontal sliding breechblock and cartridge case obturation. The split-trail carriage is mounted on light alloy wheels. For transport the weapon is disassembled into nine loads, the heaviest of which is the barrel and muzzle brake (551 pounds).

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. The 10.5 cm Geb. H. 40 fires semi-fixed HE, smoke, star, and hollow-charge ammunition. The HE projectile weighs 32.6 pounds.

4. Airborne Recoilless Guns

a. 75-MM AIRBORNE RECOILLESS GUN (7.5 cm L. G. 40). (1) General description. The 7.5 cm L. G. 40, formerly known as the 7.5 cm L. G. 1 (L) Rh., needs no recoil mechanism. The breech is designed to eliminate recoil by emitting part of the propellent gases to the rear. Weight has been reduced considerably by constructing the carriage largely of light alloys, and the gun may be dropped by parachute in two wicker containers. The thin horizontal sliding breechblock is hand-operated. A Venturi tube extends from the rear of the breech which is bored to allow gases to escape. Light metal disk-type wheels are fitted to the mount.

Figure 33.--7.5 cm L.G. 40 (75-mm airborne recoilless gun) showing breech mechanism
Figure 33.--7.5 cm L.G. 40 (75-mm airborne recoilless gun) showing breech mechanism.

[VII-22]

Figure 34.--10.5 cm L.G. 40 (105-mm airborne recoilless gun) in traveling position
Figure 34.--10.5 cm L.G. 40 (105-mm airborne recoilless gun) in traveling position.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE, APCBC, and hollow-charge projectiles are fired. Projectile weights are: HE, 12 pounds, APCBC, 15 pounds; hollow charge, 10.13 pounds. The hollow-charge projectile will penetrate 50 mm at 30 degrees from normal.

b. 105-MM AIRBORNE RECOILLESS GUN (10.5 cm L. G. 40). (1) General description. The 10.5 cm L. G. 40, formerly known as the 10.5 cm L. G. 2 Kp., like the 7.5 cm L. G. 40, has a jet at the rear for the escape of part of the propellent gases instead of a recoil system. There is no breechblock. The firing mechanism is operated from the top of the breech ring and the striker hits a primer in the side of the cartridge. A modification of this weapon, the 10.5 cm L. G. 40/2, also exists.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE and hollow-charge projectiles are fired. The base of the cartridge case has a circular bakelite disk which is destroyed when the gun fires. Projectile weights are: HE, 32.63 pounds; hollow charge, 25.88 pounds.

[VII-23]

c. 105-MM AIRBORNE RECOILLESS GUN (10.5 cm L. G. 42). (1) General description. The 10.5 cm L. G. 42, formerly known as the L. G. 2 Rh, differs from the 10.5 cm L. G. 40 in that it has a horizontal sliding breechblock bored for the passage of gases to the rear. The mount is made of fairly heavy tubing, and is designed for rapid dismantling and reassembly. Both air and pack transport are possible. A variation, known as 10.5 cm L. G. 42/1, differs in weight (1,191 pounds). It uses the same range tables.

(2) Characteristics.

Caliber 105-mm (4.14 inches).
Length of tube 6 feet, 0.28 inch (including jet).
Weight in action 1,217 pounds.
Maximum range (HE) 8,695 yards.
Muzzle velocity 1,099 feet per second.
Traverse 360° at elevations
up to 12°; 71° 15' at elevations over 12°.
Elevation 15° to 42° 35'.
Traction Airborne or pack.

(3) Ammunition. This weapon fires HE, hollow-charge, smoke, and HE incendiary projectiles. The projectile weights are: HE, 32.58 pounds; hollow charge, 26.62 and 27.17 pounds: smoke, 32.36 pounds, and HE incendiary, 33.52 pounds.

Figure 35.--Right front view (top) 10.5 cm le. F.H. 18 (M)
Figure 35.--Right front view (top) 10.5 cm le. F.H. 18 (M),
the standard divisional field artillery howitzer with muzzle brake; left rear view (bottom).

[VII-24]

Figure 36.--10.5 cm le. F.H. 18 (105-mm field howitzer)
Figure 36.--10.5 cm le. F.H. 18 (105-mm field howitzer), the standard divisional field artillery howitzer.

5. Field and Medium Artillery

a. 75-MM FIELD GUN 38 (7.5 cm Feld Kanone 38). (1) General description. This gun is of conventional design, with a semiautomatic horizontal sliding breechblock. A slotted cylindrical muzzle brake is fitted to the monobloc tube. The hydropneumatic recuperator is above the tube, and the hydraulic buffer below. Equilibrators are spring type. The carriage has split trails of riveted box construction and artillery wheels.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. Two types of HE shell and one hollow-charge shell are fired. The HE shells weigh 12.85 pounds and 13.88 pounds, and the hollow-charge, 10.07 pounds.

b. 105-MM FIELD HOWITZER (10.5 cm Leichte Feld Haubitze 18). (1) General description. This is the standard divisional field artillery howitzer developed during the last war. It has a hydropneumatic recoil system and a heavy, simply designed breech mechanism with a horizontal sliding block and cartridge case obturation. The first modification of the original model appeared in 1941 when a muzzle brake of conventional design was fitted to permit a new long-range charge to be fired, increasing the range by 1,800 yards. This version is known as the le. F. H. 18 (M). By 1944 a second modification had appeared, the le. F. H. 18/40. The tube of the le. F. H. 18 (M) was mounted On the carriage already in large scale production for the 7.5 Pak 40 (75-mm AT gun). By modifying the elevating and firing mechanisms, the rate of fire was increased, and a more efficient muzzle brake decreased the recoil load. The 10.5 cm le. F. H. 18 (M) and the le. F. H. 18/40 are ballistically identical and have the same firing tables.

(2) Characteristics (of 10.5 cm le F.H.18/40).

(3) Ammunition. HE, smoke, incendiary, illuminating, propaganda, hollow-charge, HE sabot, and AP sabot shells are fired. (Sabot shells may not be fired from guns equipped with existing muzzle brakes, however.) The weight of HE projectiles is 32 pounds, 11 ounces.

c. 150-MM MEDIUM HOWITZER (15 cm s. F. H. 18). (1) General description. The 15 cm s. F. H. 18 is the standard divisional artillery medium howitzer, with the same mount as the 10 cm K. 18,

[VII-25]

Figure 37.--15 cm s. F.H. 18 (150-mm medium howitzer) in firing position
Figure 37.--15 cm s. F.H. 18 (150-mm medium howitzer) in firing position.

Figure 38.--15 cm s. F.H. 18 (150-mm medium howitzer) in traveling position
Figure 38.--15 cm s. F.H. 18 (150-mm medium howitzer) in traveling position.

the standard medium gun. The tube is solid, and loose in its jacket. The manually operated breech, with horizontal sliding block, has continuous-pull firing mechanism and cartridge case obturation. Spring equilibrators are fitted. The carriage has split-box trails, and double-disk, solid rubber-tired wheels. A new model of this weapon, called the 15 cm s. F. H. 18/40, is fitted with a muzzle brake. The same ammunition is fired at higher muzzle velocity, 1,952 feet per second, increasing maximum range to 16,514 yards. An F. H. 42, a further modification, has also been reported.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE, anti-concrete, AP, and smoke projectiles are fired. Projectiles weigh 95.7 pounds. The propellent charge consists of eight increments.

[VII-26]

Figure 39.--s. 10 cm K. 18 (105-mm medium gun) in firing position
Figure 39.--s. 10 cm K. 18 (105-mm medium gun) in firing position.

Figure 40.--s. 10 cm K. 18 (105-mm medium gun) with tube in traveling position
Figure 40.--s. 10 cm K. 18 (105-mm medium gun) with tube in traveling position.

d. 105-MM MEDIUM GUN (s. 10 cm K. 18). (1) General description. The 10 cm K. 18 is the standard medium gun. It has a mount interchangeable with that of the 15 cm s. F. H. 18. The breech is hand-operated, with horizontal sliding block and cartridge case obturation.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE, AP, and APCBC projectiles are fired. Projectile weights are: HE, 33.5 pounds, AP, 31.25 pounds; APCBC, 34.63 pounds. Three charges, small, medium, and large, are used.

[VII-27]

Figure 41.--15 cm K. 18 (150-mm heavy gun) in traveling position
Figure 41.--15 cm K. 18 (150-mm heavy gun) in traveling position.

e. 150-MM GUN (15 cm K. 18). (1) General description. The 15 cm K. 18 has the characteristic features of German "18" class field artillery design, including the recuperator above and the buffer below the tube. A cartridge case accomplishes obturation, and the usual horizontal sliding breechblock is manually operated. Two hydropneumatic equilibrators are bolted to the tube jacket. The mount is sprung on two wheels, and has a box trail.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE streamline, AP, and anti-concrete projectiles are fired. Projectile weights are: HE, 94.6 pounds and anti-concrete, 95.7 pounds.

f. 150-MM GUN (15 cm K. 39). (1) General description. The 15 cm K. 39, a later version of the 15 cm K. 18, is used either as a field gun on its split-trail, rubber-tired carriage, or as a coast defense gun, with its field carriage mounted on the turntable of an emplaced platform.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. The gun fires HE streamline, anti-concrete, semi-AP, and AP projectiles. Projectile weights are: HE 94.6 and 99.25 pounds; anti-concrete, 95.7 pounds; semi-AP 99.25 pounds; AP, 99.25 pounds.

g. 170-MM GUN (17 cm K. in Morser Lafette). (1) General description. The 17 cm K. in Mrs. Laf. is a long-range, mobile gun mounted on the 21 cm Morser 18 (210-mm howitzer) carriage. It has a built-up tube, and a separate recoil mechanism for the upper carriage, which also moves in recoil. The breech mechanism is operated manually. The gun has a horizontal sliding block and cartridge case obturation. In spite of its weight, the gun can be put into and taken out of action very rapidly. A firing platform is lowered by jacks, and the wheels are raised for firing. One man, with a trail spike, can traverse the gun 360 degrees around this platform.

(2) Characteristics.

[VII-28]

Figure 42.--17 cm K. in Mrs. Laf. (170-mm gun mounted on 210-mm howitzer carriage)
Figure 42.--17 cm K. in Mrs. Laf. (170-mm gun mounted on 210-mm howitzer carriage).

(3) Ammunition. HE streamline, HEBC streamline, and AP projectiles are fired. The HE projectile weighs 138 pounds, and the HEBC, 148 pounds.

h. 210-MM HOWITZER (21 cm Morser 18). (1) General description. The 21 cm Morser 18 is the standard heavy howitzer. The piece recoils in a cradle trunnioned to an upper carriage. This upper carriage also moves in recoil along a lower carriage. The breech mechanism is operated manually, and has a horizontal sliding block with cartridge case obturation. In action, a firing platform is lowered on jacks and the wheels are raised; the rear of the trail is supported by a traversing path. When traveling, a two-wheeled trailer is attached to and supports the trail, while a separate traveling carriage supports the tube.

(2) Characteristics.

[VII-29]

Figure 43.--21 cm Mrs. 18 (210-mm howitzer) with tube elevated
Figure 43.--21 cm Mrs. 18 (210-mm howitzer) with tube elevated.

(3) Ammunition. HE streamline and anti-concrete projectiles are fired, as well as a fin-stabilized, anti-concrete stick bomb. The HE projectile weighs 249 pounds, and the anti-concrete projectile 268 pounds.

[VII-30]

Figure 44.--2.8 cm s. Pz. B 41 (28/20-mm tapered-bore antitank gun)
Figure 44.--2.8 cm s. Pz. B 41 (28/20-mm tapered-bore antitank gun).

6. Antitank Artillery

a. 28/20-MM ANTITANK GUN (2.8 cm s. Pz. B 41). (1) General description. This first Gerlich high velocity tapered-bore antitank gun appeared in 1941. The monobloc tube has a semi-automatic breech with horizontal sliding-wedge block, and is fitted with a muzzle brake. An airborne version exists which consists of an identical tube on a light alloy cradle and two-wheeled tubular mount. This version weighs 260 pounds.

Figure 45.--Airborne version of 2.8 cm s. Pz. B. 41 (28/20-mm tapered-bore antitank gun)
Figure 45.--Airborne version of 2.8 cm s. Pz. B. 41 (28/20-mm tapered-bore antitank gun).

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE and AP (tungsten carbide core) rounds are fired. Projectile weights are: HE, 3.1 ounces; and AP, 4.6 ounces. The AP ammunition will penetrate 53 mm (2.09 inches) at 400 yards, 30 degrees from normal.

b. 37-MM ANTITANK GUN (3.7 cm Pak). (1) General description. Formerly the main German antitank gun, this weapon is still likely to be met. AP 40 ammunition gives the gun a reasonable penetration performance at ranges up to 400 yards. The breechblock is horizontal sliding type, and the shield is 3/16-inch armor plate.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE, AP, and AP 40 projectiles are fired, as well as a hollow-charge stick bomb. Projectile weights are: HE, 1.38 pounds; AP, 1.5 pounds; and AP 40, 12.5 ounces. The stick bomb, 6.25 inches in diameter, weighs 18.75 pounds. Penetration of homogeneous armor at 400 yards, 30 degrees from normal, firing AP 40ammunition is 49 mm (1.93 inches). The stick bomb will penetrate about 6 inches of homogeneous plate. The range at which a moving target may be hit does not exceed 150 yards.

[VII-31]

Figure 46.--3.7 cm Pak (37-mm antitank gun), 5 cm Pak 38 (50-mm antitank gun), and 7.5 cm Pak 40 (75-mm antitank gun)
Figure 46.--3.7 cm Pak (37-mm antitank gun), 5 cm Pak 38 (50-mm antitank gun), and 7.5 cm Pak 40 (75-mm antitank gun) (front to rear).

c. 42/28-MM ANTITANK GUN (4.2 cm le. Pak 41). (1) General description. The 4.2 cm le. Pak 41 is the second of the tapered-bore antitank gun series. The monobloc tube is long with obvious external as well as internal taper, and has no muzzle brake. The horizontal sliding breechblock is hand-operated. The mount is identical with that of the 3.7 cm Pak, but with a double upper shield. A second shield, 3/16-inch thick, is riveted to the standard shield, with an intervening space of approximately 15/8 inches.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. HE and AP (Tungsten carbide core) rounds are fired. Projectile weights are: HE, 0.56 pound, and AP, 0.69 pound. At 700 yards this weapon, firing AP ammunition, will penetrate 68 mm (2.88 inches) of armor at 30 degrees from normal.

d. 50-MM ANTITANK GUN (5 cm Pak 38). (1) General description. This gun, introduced in 1941 to replace the 3.7 cm Pak, is mounted on a split-trail carriage of conventional design. The monobloc tube is fitted with a muzzle brake, and the breech mechanism is semiautomatic with a horizontal sliding block. Solid rubber tires are fitted, and the shield consists of two 4-mm armor plates about 1 inch apart.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. Projectile weights are: AP, 4.56 pounds; AP 40, 2.025 pounds; and HE, 3.94 pounds. Penetration, firing AP ammunition, is 56 mm (2.2 inches) of armor at 1,000 yards at 30 degrees from normal.

Figure 47.--4.2 cm le. Pak 41 (42/28-mm tapered-bore antitank gun) showing front of double shield
Figure 47.--4.2 cm le. Pak 41 (42/28-mm tapered-bore antitank gun) showing front of double shield.

[VII-32]

Figure 48.--7.5 cm Pak 41 (75/55-mm tapered-bore antitank gun)
Figure 48.--7.5 cm Pak 41 (75/55-mm tapered-bore antitank gun).

Figure 49.--7.5 cm Pak 97/38 (75-mm antitank gun) with Solothurn muzzle brake
Figure 49.--7.5 cm Pak 97/38 (75-mm antitank gun) with Solothurn muzzle brake.

e. 75-MM ANTITANK GUN (7.5 cm Pak 40). (1) General description. The 7.5 cm Pak 40 is similar in appearance to the 5 cm Pak 38. The monobloc tube is fitted with a double-baffle muzzle brake, and the breech mechanism is semiautomatic with a horizontal sliding block. The carriage, with tubular split trail, has solid-rubber-tired wheels and torsion bar suspension and may be towed at about 25 miles an hour. The shield consists of two 4-mm armor plates spaced about 1 inch apart.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. Weights of projectiles fired from this gun are: HE, 12.54 pounds; APCBC, 15 pounds; AP shot, 9.125 pounds; hollow charge, 9.97 pounds; and smoke 13.7 pounds. With APCBC ammunition, penetration of homogeneous armor is 102 mm (4.02 inches) at 30 degrees from normal, at 1,000 yards.

[VII-33]

Figure 50.--7.62 cm Pak 36 (r) (3-inch antitank gun)
Figure 50.--7.62 cm Pak 36 (r) (3-inch antitank gun).

f. 75/55-MM ANTITANK GUN (7.5 cm Pak 41). (1) General description. This was the third tapered-bore antitank gun to be introduced. It has a muzzle brake, and a semiautomatic vertical sliding breechblock. A cylindrical cradle, covering the rear half of the tube, is attached to the shield by a spherical universal joint.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. AP and HE projectiles are fired. The AP projectile weighs 5.68 pounds, of which 2.01 pounds is tungsten carbide core. The AP projectile will penetrate 130 mm (5.12 inches) of homogeneous armor plate at 30 degrees from normal at 1,000 yards.

g. 75-MM ANTITANK GUN (7.5 cm Pak 97/38). (1) General description. This weapon, originally introduced in 1942, consists of the well known French 75-mm gun, Model 1897, mounted on the 5 cm Pak 38 carriage, and fitted with a long perforated muzzle brake. The breech mechanism is hand-operated with eccentric screw-type block.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. AP, HE, and hollow-charge projectiles are fired. AP and HE projectiles weigh 14.8 pounds, and 13.4 pounds respectively.

h. 3-INCH ANTITANK GUN (7.62 cm Pak 36 (r)). (1) General description. The 7.62 cm Pak 36 (r) is a German modified antitank version of the 7.62-cm Russian field gun, 296 (r). The built-up tube is rebored to take a longer cartridge case, and a two-baffle muzzle brake is added. The breech mechanism is semiautomatic with a vertical sliding block.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. APCBC, AP 40, and HE projectiles are fired. Projectile weights are: APCBC, 16.72 pounds; AP 40, 9.24 pounds; HE, 12.64 pounds. Penetration, firing APCBC projectiles at 1,000 yards at 30 degrees from normal, is 83 mm (3.27 inches) of homogeneous armor plate.

[VII-34]

i. 3-INCH ANTITANK GUN (7.62 cm Pak 39). (1) General description. This 3-inch antitank gun is a modified version of the Russian field gun 7.62 cm F.K. 297 (r). The chamber is bored out, and a 7.62 Pak 36 muzzle brake is fitted. The breech mechanism is semiautomatic with a vertical sliding block. The mount has box-type trails and pneumatic tires.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. This gun fires the same ammunition as the 7.62 cm Pak 36 (r), but has somewhat lower performance.

j. 88-MM ANTITANK GUN (8.8 cm Pak 43). (1) General description. The 8.8 cm Pak 43 is an electrically fired, semiautomatic gun on a two-bogie cruciform mount. It may be fired from its wheels if the direction of fire is within 30 degrees of the longitudinal girders, but must be fired with its platform on the ground when used in an artillery role. With platform down, the top of the shield is only 5 feet 67/8 inches high. An automatic firing cut-out restricts elevation when firing over the legs to 12 degrees on early mounts and 16 degrees on later mounts. The 8.8 cm Pak 43 is ballistically identical with the 8.8 cm Pak 43/41.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. Weight of projectiles fired from this gun are: HE, 20.68 pounds; APCBC, 22 pounds, and 22.36 pounds; AP 40, 16 pounds; Hollow charge, 16.8 pounds. At 1,500 yards, the APCBC and AP 40 projectiles will penetrate approximately 130 mm (5.12 inches) of homogeneous armor plate at 30 degrees from normal.

k. 88-MM ANTITANK GUN (8.8 cm Pak 43/41). (1) General description. This 88-mm gun, 71 calibers long, is mounted on an orthodox two-wheeled carriage. The legs of the split trail are hinged to a base which also mounts the upper carriage. The wheels, on stub axles, are sprung independently. The gun has a four-point support when firing. A muzzle brake is fitted, and the breech mechanism is semiautomatic with a horizontal sliding block.

(2) Characteristics.

Figure 51.--8.8 cm Pak 43 (88-mm antitank gun) on a cruciform mount
Figure 51.--8.8 cm Pak 43 (88-mm antitank gun) on a cruciform mount.

[VII-35]

Figure 52.-8.8 cm Pak 43/41 (88-mm antitank gun)
Figure 52.-8.8 cm Pak 43/41 (88-mm antitank gun).

(3) Ammunition. Projectile weights are: HE, 20.68 pounds; APCBC, 22.36 pounds, and 22 pounds; AP 40, 16 pounds; hollow charge, 16.8 pounds. At 1,500 yards, the APCBC and AP 40 projectiles will penetrate approximately 130 mm (5.12 inches) of homogeneous armor plate at 30 degrees from normal.

7. Antiaircraft Artillery

a. GENERAL.

German antiaircraft guns have been increasingly developed as dual-purpose, or as with the 88-mm antiaircraft gun, multipurpose weapons. All standard German antiaircraft guns may be used against ground targets, and armor-piercing ammunition is available in all calibers. (Antiaircraft rocket weapons are described in Section VII.)

b. AUTOMATIC WEAPONS. (1) 20-mm Antiaircraft Gun (2 cm Flak 30). (a) General description. The 2 cm Flak 30 was the standard light antiaircraft gun until the introduction of the 2 cm Flak 38 and the Flakvierling 38. It is recoil-operated, fed by a 20-round magazine, and may be fired either full or semiautomatic. A combined flash hider and muzzle brake is used The carriage consists of an undercarriage leveled by three adjustable feet, and a top carriage supported on ball bearings.

(b) Characteristics.

(c) Ammunition.

Projectile weights are: HE, 4.2 ounces; AP, 5.2 ounces; and AP 40, 3.6 ounces.

(2) 20-mm Antiaircraft Gun (2 cm Flak 38). (a) General description. The 2 cm Flak 38 was introduced to replace the 2 cm Flak 30. It is operated by short-barrel recoil, and the residual pressure of gas in the barrel. Except for a higher cyclic rate of fire, it does not differ in performance from the Flak 30. This gun also is mounted on a 760-pound carriage, which may be disassembled easily into 27 loads for mountain warfare. The total weight of the gun on this light mount is 1,013 pounds. This combination is designated 2 cm Geb. Flak 38. (The normal 2 cm Flak 38 gun and mount weigh 1,650 pounds traveling.)

[VII-36]

Figure 53.-<i>2 cm Flak 30</i> (20-mm antiaircraft gun.) on half-track
Figure 53.-2 cm Flak 30 (20-mm antiaircraft gun.) on half-track.

Figure 54.--2 cm Flak 38 (20-mm antiaircraft gun)
Figure 54.--2 cm Flak 38 (20-mm antiaircraft gun).

[VII-37]

Figure 55.--2 cm Flak 38 in firing position
Figure 55.--2 cm Flak 38 in firing position.

Figure 56.--2 cm Geb. Flak 38 (20-mm mountain antiaircraft gun)
Figure 56.--2 cm Geb. Flak 38 (20-mm mountain antiaircraft gun).

(b) Characteristics.

(c) Ammunition. Weights of projectiles fired by this gun are: HE, 4.2 ounces; AP, 5.2 ounces; and AP 40, 3.6 ounces.

[VII-38]

(3) 20-mm Four-Barreled Antiaircraft Gun (2 cm Flakvierling 38). (a) General description. The 2 cm Flakvierling 38 consists of four 2 cm Flak 38's on a triangular-base mount with three leveling jacks. Muzzle preponderance is counteracted by an equilibrator bolted to the mount.

(b) Characteristics.

(c) Ammunition. Weights of projectiles fired are: HE, 4.2 ounces; AP, 5.2 ounces; AP 40, 3.6 ounces.

(4) 37-mm Antiaircraft Gun (3.7 cm Flak 18, 36, and 37). (a) General description. The 3.7 cm Flak 18 has a monobloc tube, and an automatic action operated by barrel recoil and residual gas pressure. A combination muzzle brake and flash eliminator is fitted. The cruciform mount has two bogies, and screw-type leveling jacks. The 3.7 cm Flak 36 is identical ballistically with the Flak 18. It is mounted on a triangular platform on three adjustable leveling feet. Piece and mount are carried on a two-wheeled trailer. Weight in action is 1.71 tons. The 3.7 cm Flak 37 consists of a normal 3.7 cm Flak 18 mounted on a modified carriage. Ballistically, it is identical with 3.7 cm Flak 18 and 36.

Figure 57.--2 cm Flakvierling 38 (20-mm four-barreled antiaircraft gun)
Figure 57.--2 cm Flakvierling 38 (20-mm four-barreled antiaircraft gun).

[VII-39]

Figure 58.--3.7 cm Flak 36 (37-mm antiaircraft gun) mounted on half-track
Figure 58.--3.7 cm Flak 36 (37-mm antiaircraft gun) mounted on half-track.

[VII-40]

(b) Characteristics.

(5) 37-mm Antiaircraft Gun (3.7 cm Flak 43). (a) General description. Although this gun does not differ externally from the 3.7 cm Flak 18, 36, and 37, it has a completely different, fully automatic, gas-operated action. The gun is fed by eight-round clips on a fixed loading tray in the left side. Using a fixed firing pin, it fires on the forward movement of the bolt. Of low build, the 3.7 cm Flak 43 has a pedestal mount with a shield. A twin version known as the Flakzwilling exists, with one gun mounted above the other. The guns may be fired together or independently. In action the twin version weighs 3.08 tons.

(b) Characteristics.

(c) Ammunition. HE-tracer, HE-incendiary-tracer, AP-HE, HE-incendiary, and HE projectiles.

(6) 50-mm Antiaircraft Gun (5 cm Flak 41). (a) General description. The 5 cm Flak 41 is similar to the 3.7 cm Flak 36. It is gas-operated, and is fired by the forward movement of the breech mechanism. Clips of five rounds are fed from the left. The mount is a triangular platform with two short outriggers forward.

(b) Characteristics.

(c) Ammunition. Projectile weights are: HE, 4.8 pounds; HE-incendiary-tracer, 4.8 pounds; AP, 4.87 pounds.

(7) Miscellaneous. The following antiaircraft automatic weapons possessed by the Germans in limited numbers may be encountered occasionally:

Figure 59.--3.7 cm Flak 18 (37-mm antiaircraft gun) being prepared for firing
Figure 59.--3.7 cm Flak 18 (37-mm antiaircraft gun) being prepared for firing.

[VII-41]

Figure 60.--8.8 cm Flak 36 (88-mm antiaircraft gun) in firing position
Figure 60.--8.8 cm Flak 36 (88-mm antiaircraft gun) in firing position.

Figure 61--8.8 cm Flak 36 (88-mm antiaircraft gun) in traveling position
Figure 61--8.8 cm Flak 36 (88-mm antiaircraft gun) in traveling position.

c. HEAVY ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS. (1) 88-mm Antiaircraft Gun (8.8 cm Flak 18, 36, and 37). (a) General description. The 88-mm gun was produced first in 1934 as the standard mobile antiaircraft gun. The tube consists of either an outer tube with an inner locking tube and a loose three-section liner, or of a loose barrel fitting into a jacket. A semiautomatic, horizontal sliding-wedge breechblock is used. The mount has two outriggers to steady the gun for firing other than directly front or rear. The 8.8 cm Flak 36 differs from the Flak 18 only in having a slightly different

[VII-42]

mount, while the 8.8 cm Flak 37 is identical with the Flak 36 except for a slightly different data transmission system.

(b) Characteristics.

(c) Ammunition. Projectile weights are: HE, 20 pounds; AP, 21 pounds.

(2) 88-mm Antiaircraft Gun (8.8 cm Flak 41). (a) General description. The 8.8 cm Flak 41is designed for use against air, ground, and sea targets. Although usually fired from the platform, it may be fired from its wheels, with the side members of the platform extended. The breech has a horizontal sliding-wedge block, and the gun has an automatic rammer. An electric firing mechanism is employed.

(b) Characteristics.

(c) Ammunition. Projectile weights are: HE, 20.68 pounds; APCBC, 22.45 pounds.

(3) 105-mm Antiaircraft Gun (10.5 cm Flak 38 and 39). (a) General description. The 105-mm antiaircraft gun appears in two models. It is produced in static and mobile versions, and also is mounted on railway cars. The breech has a horizontal sliding block, which may be operated manually or automatically, and an electric firing mechanism. The buffer is hydraulic, the recuperator hydropneumatic, and the equilibrator of the spring type. Traverse and elevation may be accomplished either manually or by power. A remote control, power-operated fuze setter and a power rammer are part of the complete unit.

(b) Characteristics.

Figure 62.--8.8 cm Flak 41 (88-mm multipurpose gun) showing carriage lowered
Figure 62.--8.8 cm Flak 41 (88-mm multipurpose gun) showing carriage lowered.

[VII-43]

Figure 63.--105-mm Flak 38 (105-mm antiaircraft gun)
Figure 63.--105-mm Flak 38 (105-mm antiaircraft gun), top view showing elevating and traversing mechanism on right side of gun; bottom view showing left side with drill round in fuse setter tray.

(c) Ammunition. HE (time fuze), HE (percussion fuze), and APCBC projectiles are fired. The HE time fuzed projectile weighs 33.2 pounds.

(4) 128-mm Antiaircraft Gun (12.8 cm Flak 40). (a) General description. The 12.8 cm Flak looks like the 10.5 cm Flak. The breechblock slides horizontally to the right, and incorporates an electric firing mechanism. The recoil system is conventional, with hydropneumatic recuperator above the tube, and buffer below. Hydro-pneumatic equilibrators are used. Elevation and traverse are either manual or powered. Fuse setting is by director control, and loading is facilitated by a power rammer incorporating two horizontal rubber rollers at the entrance to the bore. The gun may be statically emplaced, transported on a mobile mount, or mounted on a railway car. A twin-barreled version of this gun also exists, but it is produced only for a static role.

(b) Characteristics.

(c) Ammunition. Projectile weights are: HE, 57 pounds; and APC, 58.13 pounds.

(5) 150-mm Antiaircraft Gun (15 cm Flak). This large caliber gun exists in limited quantities, and apparently is manned by navy personnel. Its use is confined to Germany proper in a static role.

d. AA FIRE CONTROL (1) Automatic weapons.

[VII-44]

Figure 64.--12.8 cm Flak 40 (128-mm antiaircraft gun) on static mount
Figure 64.--12.8 cm Flak 40 (128-mm antiaircraft gun) on static mount.

Figure 65--12.8 cm Flak 40 (128-mm antiaircraft gun) on railway mount
Figure 65--12.8 cm Flak 40 (128-mm antiaircraft gun) on railway mount.

[VII-45]

(a) General. Antiaircraft fire control for automatic weapons is accomplished through the use of various types of on-carriage sights, ranging from the simple manually operated Linealvisier (linear sight) through various mechanical types and the complicated, electrical Flakvisier. Range must be set into some of the simpler sights, and this is obtained either through estimation or through the use of a one-meter base range finder. Tracer observation also is used for fire control.

(b) Linealvisier (Linear sight) 21. This is a simple, adjustable type of speed ring sight, used as an alternate for the more complicated sights designed for use on the 20-mm antiaircraft guns. Range, course, and speed of target, angle of dive or climb, and superelevation are set in through manual manipulation of the sight.

(c) Flakvisier (Antiaircraft sight) 35. This is a mirror sight with a computor mechanism operating on the course and speed, slant-plane-linkage principle. It depends on accurate setting of target range, course, and speed. It can engage level-flying, climbing, or diving targets. It normally is used on the 2 cm Flak 30, but also may be found on the 2 cm Flak 38 and 2 cm Flakvierling in place of the electrical Flakvisier 38 and 40.

(d) Flakvisier 38 and 40. The Flakvisier 38 is an electrically operated, range-rate sight which computes lateral and vertical leads plus superelevation. The azimuth rate and elevation rate are measured through tachometer generators coupled to the gun's traversing and elevating gears. Slant range is introduced as a battery voltage, modified by a rheostat, calibrated in hundreds of meters. In tracking, the reticles of the sight head are displaced by the battery voltage and tachometer generator voltage in such a manner that the gun is trained automatically on the future position. The use of electric current eliminates mechanical time lag. This sight is used normally with the 2 cm Flak 38. The Flakvisier 40, which is used with the 2 cm Flakvierling, differs from the Flakvisier 38 only in minor details of construction. The principle of operation is the same.

(e) Flakvisier 33. Used with the 3.7 cm Flak 18 and 36, this sight is similar in operating principles to the Flakvisier 35.

(f) Flakvisier 37 (43). This Flakvisier is a mechanical computing sight used with the 3.7 cm Flak 37. When used with the 3.7 cm Flak 43, it is known as Flakvisier 43. Computation for deflections is based upon the angular rates of quadrant elevation and azimuth. Ranges are estimated or obtained from a separate source, and are set into the sight by hand. A clock-work motor drives three disc and wheel mechanisms which perform the multiplications necessary in the computation of deflections. Uni-directional drives from the elevating and traversing mechanisms rewind the clock motor. In operation, the necessary deflection is obtained by mechanically offsetting the cross hairs of the reticle of a one-power telescope. Provision is incorporated for corrections for superelevation and temperature changes. The sight is of compact box-shaped construction, approximately 10 inches by 9 inches by 41/2 inches in size and 23 pounds in weight. It is fitted to the sight bar of the gun by a suspension bracket and lug.

(g) Schwebedornvisier. This is a relatively simple antiaircraft sight recently developed for alternate use on the 3.7 cm Flak 37 and 43. The sight works on the linear principle. Target speed, direction, and angle of climb or dive are set into the sight manually.

(h) Schwebekreisvisier 30/38. This is a recent type of relatively simple, pivoted ring sight designed for use with the 2 cm Flak weapons. Its use is becoming more and more frequent on the later models of 2 cm Flak in lieu of the more complicated electrical Flakvisier 38 and 40.

(i) Flakvisier 41. This is a completely automatic, tachometric clock-work, range-rate sight employed with the 5 cm Flak 41. Operated by one man, range is introduced and angular velocities are calculated in such manner that superelevation and vertical and lateral deflections are applied automatically. The principle of operation is the same as that of the Flakvisier 38 and 40.

(2) Heavy antiaircraft guns. (a) Kommandogerät 36. (1) This instrument is the earliest standard German linear speed antiaircraft director, providing continuous data for the engagement of aerial targets by heavy antiaircraft guns. It employs a mechanical solution of the antiaircraft problem, and has facilities for making necessary ballistic corrections to gun data. The instrument is mounted on a four-wheel trailer for transport.

(2) The director has a main pedestal with three leveling feet and two suspension arms by which it is raised and secured to front and rear bogies for transport. The main pedestal supports a casting carrying the director mechanisms and supporting brackets on which a stereoscopic, four-meter range finder rests when the director is emplaced for action.

[VII-46]

Figure 66.--Kommandogerät 36 (antiaircraft gun director) in operating position
Figure 66.--Kommandogerät 36 (antiaircraft gun director) in operating position.

Figure 67.--Kommandogerät 36 (antiaircraft gun director) without range finder
Figure 67.--Kommandogerät 36 (antiaircraft gun director) without range finder.

[VII-47]

Figure 68.--Kommandogerät 40 (antiaircraft gun director) in trailer for traveling, without range finder
Figure 68.--Kommandogerät 40 (antiaircraft gun director) in trailer for traveling, without range finder.

(3) Firing data determined by the director (firing azimuth, quadrant elevation, and fuze) are transmitted electrically to appropriate dials on the guns.

(b) Kommandogerät 40. (1) This is a later and improved version of the Kommandogerät 36, which it has superseded to a very large extent for use with all heavy antiaircraft guns. The four-meter, stereoscopic range finder used with the "40" model is mounted on the director, and gun data is transmitted electrically to the guns. It also uses the linear speed method of data computation. However, the "40" model can be operated by five men, whereas 11 men are required to operate the "36".

(2) The "40" director incorporates a mechanism which copes with changes in target altitude and target course (curvilinear flight).

(3) This director can be used with the different types of heavy antiaircraft weapons by changing the ballistic cams. The Kommandogerät 41 is a Kommandogerät 40 fitted with cams for the 8.8 cm Flak 41, the nomenclature apparently being a convenient way of distinguishing its use for this purpose.

(c) Kommandohilfsgerät 35. This is an older type of antiaircraft director used only for auxiliary purposes. It operates on the angular-rate method of data computation. The four-meter base range finder used with this instrument is mounted separately, and gun data provided by the director normally are transmitted to the guns by telephone.

(d) Range finders. Four-meter base stereoscopic range finders furnish slant range for the antiaircraft directors. Range Finder 34 is used with the Kommandogerät 35 and is separately

[VII-48]


Figure 69.--Kommandohilfegerät 35 (antiaircraft gun director) used as an auxiliary.

emplaced. Range Finders 36 and 40 are used with Kommandogerät 36 and Kommandogerät 40, respectively. Range Finders 36 and 40 are mounted in brackets on the directors.

(e) Fire control radar. Several types of radar, known as Flakmessgerät, are used by German antiaircraft artillery to furnish basic antiaircraft gun data to the directors. As radar is a fairly recent development, the directors have been modified to receive this basic data.

(f) Flakumwertegerät Malsi 41, 42, and 43 (Flak Converter Malsi). This is a plotting instrument used to convert antiaircraft fire control data received from a distant source into basic data suitable for use by individual batteries. It is reported that the latest type can deal with displacements up to 5 miles, and is more accurate than the two earlier models.

e. SEARCHLIGHTS. (1) 150-cm (60 inches) Searchlight 34 and 37. (a) The standard antiaircraft searchlight is 150 cm (60 inches) in diameter, and is equipped with azimuth and elevation receiver dials for receiving initial locator data. Normally hand-controlled, later versions of the 150-cm searchlight also are equipped with remote control gear.

(b) The high-current-density arc lamp is self-regulating and is fitted in an inverted position. The light is 990 million candle power and has a range, in favorable weather, of 8,800 yards at a height of 13,000 to 16,500 feet. The searchlight can be moved in azimuth through 360 degrees, and in elevation from --12 degrees through the vertical to --12 degrees on the other side. Current is supplied by a separate 24-kilowatt generator driven by an eight-cylinder internal combustion engine.

(c) For visual searching, a "dark search equipment" (Dunkelsuchgerät 41) is used. This consists of a pair of binoculars (having a few degrees of lateral and vertical movement) mounted on the searchlight. In operation, the searchlight and optical equipment are laid initially by location data furnished from a separate source.

(d) Sound locators are of the ring-trumpet type which work on the binaural principle, with provision for calculation of and correction for "sound lag". They also are equipped with electrical data transmitters for passing azimuth and elevation data to the receivers on the searchlight.

(e) Antiaircraft fire-control radar equipment is also used to furnish data for searchlights. Flak converter equipment known as Flakumwertegerät is used as an aid to the radar equipment and permits three searchlights at a distance from the radar to be supplied simultaneously with corrected azimuth and elevation.

(2) 200-cm (80 inches) Searchlight 40. Many of the searchlight units are equipped at least partially with these larger searchlights. Although methods of location of initial data are similar in principle to those employed for the 150-cm searchlights, these larger 200-cm searchlights usually are equipped with necessary apparatus for remote control. For visual searching, a "Flak laying equipment" (Flakrichtegerät) is used, consisting of a pair of binoculars mounted on a control pillar. This light is reported to be 2,430 million candle power with a range effectiveness 60 per cent over that of the standard 150-cm searchlight.

(3) 60-cm (24 inches) Searchlight. (a) The equipment consists of a 60-cm searchlight and an

[VII-49]

8-kilowatt generator, and was designed for use without a sound locator against low-flying aerial targets. The searchlight is controlled manually in azimuth and elevation by a layer seated on the equipment. No separate location equipment is used. The beam can be exposed and covered by a shutter of venetian-blind type. This searchlight usually will be found in the vicinity of automatic weapons.

(b) The high-current-density arc lamp is self-regulating and is fitted in an inverted position. The light is 135 million candlepower and has a range under favorable weather conditions of 5,700 yards at a height of 5,000 feet. With beam dispersed the range is 3,500 yards.

(4) Miscellaneous. (a) In addition to the above, there are a few 150-cm searchlights employed on a special quadruple mount. These mounts, carrying four searchlights, are equipped with remote control gear.

(b) A few obsolete 110-cm (43 inches) searchlights, and a few French 200-cm and 240-cm (90 inches) searchlights, also may be found still in active use.

f. BARRAGE BALLOONS. Two main types of barrage balloons are employed by the Germans for added protection of vital installations against low-flying aircraft. The standard barrage balloon, which is reported to have a hydrogen gas capacity of 200 cubic meters (7,062 cubic feet), usually is flown at an altitude of 6,000 or 8,000 feet. A smaller barrage balloon, reported to have a gas capacity of 77 cubic meters (2,718 cubic feet), is capable of use at altitudes under 2,900 feet. A large type of German barrage balloon capable of being flown at altitudes of 18,000 to 20,000 feet has been reported, but this balloon has not been used extensively.

8. Heavy and Railway Artillery

Details available on German heavy and railway artillery are given in Figures 40 and 41.

Figure 70.--61.5 cm Karl Mrs. (24-inch gun), also known as 'Thor'
Figure 70.--61.5 cm Karl Mrs. (24-inch gun), also known as "Thor".

[VII-50]

Figure 71.--42 cm Gamma Mrs. (16.5-inch gun) being tested
Figure 71.--42 cm Gamma Mrs. (16.5-inch gun) being tested.

[VII-51]

  Caliber Length of Tube Weight inaction (tons) Maximum Range (yards) MV (f/s) Traverse Elevation Shell Remarks
Type Weight (lbs.)
21 cm K. 38 8.3" 38'
(55 cals)		 28 36,000 2,970 16° 50° HE 265 Box trail; mounted on platform containing recoilsystem. Transported in two loads.
21 cm K. 39 8.3" 31'3.6"
(45 cals)		 37.24 32,800 2,625 360° 45° HE SAPAP AC 278 Platform mounted. Carriage in three parts on four-wheeled limber. Models K. 39/40 and K. 39/41 exist; performance and details similar.
24 cm H. 39 9.4" 21'11"
(28 cals)		 30.24 19,700 1,970 360° 70° HE SAP 365 Platform mounted. Improved Model 24 cm H. 39/40 with similar performance exists.
24 cm K. 3 9.4" 59.36 41,010 3,248 HE 331 Carriage in five sections.
24 cm K. 18 9.4" 43'1"
(55 cals)		 59.36 40,460 3,182 6° 56° HE 334 Carriage in five sections. Box trail plus platform. Fires pre-rifled shell.
28 cm H.L/12 11" 11'
(12 cals)		 55.33 11,370 1,148 360° HE 770 Platform semi-static. Obsolete.
28 cm Kst. H. 11" 40.88 12,470 1,243 360° HE 770 Platform static. Obsolete.
35.5 cm Ml 14" 82.65 21,870 1,870 HE AC 827 Carriage in seven sections. Also fires AC fin-stabilized stick bomb.
42 cm Gamma Mrs. 16.5" 22'
(16 cals)		 15.43 15,530 1,483 45° 66° AC 2,249 Semi-static platform. Obsolete.
54 cm Karl Mrs. 21.25" 17' 8.5"
(10 cals)		 132 13,000[?] HE 70°[?] AP AF1 HE 3,310 S. P. tracked carriage. Known as "Thor".
61.5 cm Karl Mrs. 24.21" 16'2"
(8 cals)		 132 6,200[?] HE 70°[?] AP HE 4,400 Carriage as for 54 cm Karl Mrs. Known as "Thor"
[?] Unconfirmed.     [1] Anti-fortification.
Figure 72.--German heavy guns.

[VII-52]

  Caliber Lengthof Tube Weight in action (tons) Range (yards) MV (f/s) Traverse Elevation Ammunition Remarks
Max. Min. Type Weight (lbs.)
15 cm K. (E) 5.9" 19'8"
(40 cals)		 84 25,000? 12,360 2,800 360°[?] HE AC 95 Top carriage traversing railway mount with outrigger.
17 cm K. (E) 6.7" 22'4"
(40 cals)		 88.48 29,200? 14,770 2,870 360°[?] HEBC 138 Same as above.
20.3 cm K. (E) 8" 39' 4"
(59 cals)		 95.2 40,000[?] 3,040? 45°[?] HE, AP Star 247 (AP) Car traverse. Usually fired from turntable. Carriagedoes not recoil.
21 cm K. 12 (E) 8.3" 135 7"[?]
(196 cals)		 373? 126,800? 49,230 5,330? HEBC 236 Fires pre-rifled shell.
24 cm Tk. Br. K. (E) 9.4" 27'5"
(35 cals)		 104.16 22,200? 10,940 2,210? 1° 25° HEBC 328 Railway mount, car traverse.
24 cm Tk. K. (E) 9.4" 31'4"
(40 cals)		 105.28 29,000? 14,990 2,670? 1° 360°[1] 25°[?] HEBC 328 Railway mount, car traverse. Carriage does not recoil. Usually fired from turntable.
28 cm Kz. Br. K. (E) 11" 36'8"
(40 cals)		 130 32,300? 15,645 2,690? HEBC AP 529 Same as above.
28 cm Lg. Br. K. (E) 11" 41'3"
(45 cals)		 135.5 40,500? 18,380 2,820? HEBC 626 Same as above. A 50 calibers long version, 28 cm s Br. K. (E), has estimated range of 40,500 (?) yds., a min. range of 18,380 yds. A 28 cm Bruno NK. (E) also exists.
28 cm K.5 (E) 11" 69'8"
(76 cals)		 241 67,900 27,350 3,950? 1° 360°[1] 50° HEBC 551 Shell splined instead of having driving bands. Double recoil system, turntable. Fires rocket assisted shell.
40.6 cm K. (E) Adolf 16" 49,200 2,657 3,445 2,271 1,323
38 cm K. (E) Siegfried 15" 64'5"
(52 cals)		 316? 60,900 2,690 3,445 360°[1] HE 1,764 1,091 Projectile fitted with three driving bands. Double recoil system, turntable.
80 cm Gustav Geschutz 31.5" 94'9"
(36 cals)		 1,344 51,400 AC 16,540 Also known as "Dora."
[?] Unconfirmed.    [1] On turntable.
Figure 73.--German railway guns.

[VII-53]

Figure 74.--35.5 cm M.1. (14-inch howitzer) being emplaced
Figure 74.--35.5 cm M.1. (14-inch howitzer) being emplaced.

Figure 75.--15 cm K. (E) (150-mm railway guns) in action
Figure 75.--15 cm K. (E) (150-mm railway guns) in action.

[VII-54]

Figure 76.--150-mm railway guns being emplaced
Figure 76.--150-mm railway guns being emplaced.

[VII-55]

Figure 77.--A large railway gun firing
Figure 77.--A large railway gun firing.

Figure 78--A large railway gun
Figure 78--A large railway gun.

[VII-56]

Section V. SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY

1. General

a. DEVELOPMENT. German self-propelled artillery has now developed to a point where there is scarcely any artillery piece up to and including 150-mm caliber which has not appeared on at least one self-propelled chassis. Some of these have been experimental, but others have been standardized and have appeared in large numbers.

b. PRODUCTION METHODS. Self-propelled artillery has been produced in three different ways. First, there are the gun-chassis combinations which have been designed and engineered carefully to fill a particular role. These were produced in quantity by major armament factories in Germany and exist in large numbers. The 75-mm and 105-mm assault guns are examples of this type. Second, there are the standard guns fitted on standard tank chassis. Conversion has been carried out in accordance with well-engineered designs at considerable expense of time and skill. Among these are the 10.5 cm le. F. H. 18/2 on the Gw. II (Wespe) and the 15 cm s. F. II. 18/1 on the Gw. III/IV (Hummel). Third, there is a large class of self-propelled guns produced by field conversion, carried out in unit or base workshops, and requiring little skill, time, or material. An example of this is the 15 cm s. I. G. 33 mounted on the chassis of the Pz. Kpfw. I.

c. TACTICAL USES. German self-propelled artillery may be divided into four types from a actical point of view, but the line of demarcation often is not clear, as many self-propelled artillery pieces have dual missions. These types are: close-support artillery, including assault guns; field and medium artillery; tank destroyers; and antiaircraft artillery.

(1) Close-support and assault guns. The development of close-support and assault guns was begun about 1940. Assault guns are designed for the close support of infantry, and normally consist of a gun of limited traverse on an armored self-propelled chassis carrying heavy frontal armor. They are inclined to be slower and less maneuverable than tanks but are suited particularly well for attacks on enemy infantry heavy weapons and main points of resistance.

(2) Field and medium self-propelled artillery. Field and medium self-propelled artillery was introduced first about the middle of 1942. Both types of howitzers (10.5 cm. le F. H. 18 and 15 cm s. F. H. 18) in the division artillery now may be found on self-propelled chassis.

(3) Self-propelled antitank guns. The first self-propelled antitank gun was the 4.7 cm Pak. (t) mounted on the then (1941) obsolescent chassis of the Pz. Kpfw. I b. Antitank guns now form the numerically largest class of self-propelled artillery weapons.

(4) Self-propelled antiaircraft artillery. Self-propelled antiaircraft artillery actually was developed before any attempt was made to apply this principle to other types of weapons, but so far no serious effort has been made to mount anti-

Figure 79--7.5 cm Stu. K.40
Figure 79--7.5 cm Stu. K.40.

[VII-57]

aircraft guns larger than 37-mm on motor-driven carriages.

d. GUN AND CHASSIS MODIFICATIONS. Guns with the exception of assault guns, are mounted normally on their self-propelled carriages without any major alteration. Assault guns usually are fitted with electric firing devices and modified recoil systems. The chassis, however, particularly in cases where they are those of existing tanks, have undergone considerable modification. Not only have the superstructures been altered, but in some cases the engine has been moved from the rear to a central position to enable the gun crew to stand on the floor of the hull to serve the gun.

2. Close Support and Assault Guns

a. 75-MM ASSAULT GUN ON Pz. Kpfw. III CHASSIS (Stu. G. III für 7.5 cm Stu. K. 40 (L/48)). (1) General. The 7.5 cm Stu. K. 40 (L/48) is the latest assault gun to be mounted on the chassis of the Pz. Kpfw. III. The 7.5 cm Kw. K. (L/24) and the 7.5 cm Stu. K. 40 (L/43), which previously were mounted on this chassis, now have been superseded and are tending to go out of service. The 7.5 cm Kw.K. (L/24) also has been mounted on an armored half-tracked vehicle and on the modified eight-wheeled armored car. The 7.5 cm Stu. K. 40 (L/48) has an antitank role, as well as its antipersonnel role as a close-support weapon. It fires both high explosive and armor-piercing ammunition.

(2) Specifications.

b. 75-MM ASSAULT-ANTITANK GUN ON Czech 38 (t) TANK CHASSIS 7.5 cm le. Stu. G. 38 (t). (1) General. The gun mounted on this carriage, the 7.5 cm Pak 39 (L/48), has the same ballistic characteristics and is very similar to the 7.5 cm Stu. K. 40 (L/48). Despite the difference in nomenclature the guns are employed in exactly the

[VII-58]

Figure 80.--7.5 cm Assault Gun (Stu. G. 7.5 cm K.)
Figure 80.--7.5 cm Assault Gun (Stu. G. 7.5 cm K.).

Figure 81.--7.5 cm Pak 39 (L/48) on Pz. Jä 38
Figure 81.--7.5 cm Pak 39 (L/48) on Pz. Jä 38.

[VII-59]

same way in both antitank and assault roles. The 7.5 cm Pak 39 (L/48) is mounted low in a thick, sloping front plate. Previous guns mounted on this chassis, the 7.5 cm Pak 40 and the 7.62 cm Pak 36 (r), were fitted in a high superstructure which gave poor protection to the crew. In this case, however, the armor layout has been completely redesigned, and the vehicle has taken on the aspect of an assault gun. (See Paragraph 6 of this section for other vehicles on which the 7.5 cm Pak 40 and 7.62 cm Pak 36 (r) have been mounted.)

(2) Specifications.

c. 75-MM ASSAULT-ANTITANK GUN ON Pz. Kpfw. IV CHASSIS (Pz. Jäg. IV für 7.5 cm Pak 39 (L/48)). (1) General. In this case the 7.5 cm Pak 39 (L/48), has been mounted on a modified Pz. Kpfw. IV chassis. It again is an assault gun in form, with a dual mission: antitank and anti-personnel.

(2) Specifications.

[VII-60]

Figure 82.--7.5 cm Pak 40 on Pz. Kpfw. 38 (t) Chassis.
Figure 82.--7.5 cm Pak 40 on Pz. Kpfw. 38 (t) Chassis.

Figure 83.--7.5 cm Pak 40 on Pz. Kpfw. II Chassis
Figure 83.--7.5 cm Pak 40 on Pz. Kpfw. II Chassis.

[VII-61]

Figure 84.--7.62 cm Pak 36(r) on 38(t) Chassis
Figure 84.--7.62 cm Pak 36(r) on 38(t) Chassis.

d. 75-MM ASSAULT GUN ON Pz. Kpfw. IV CHASSIS (Pz. Jäg. IV für 7.5 cm Stu. K. 42 (L/70). (1) General. This extremely long-barreled gun, in an assault gun mounting on the chassis of the Pz. Kpfw. IV, is a development from the 7.5 cm Stu. K 40 (L/48), which has been mounted on the same chassis but is only 48 calibers long instead of 70. The long-barreled gun has the dual role of antitank and assault gun.

(2) Specifications.

[VII-62]

Figure 85.-7.5 cm Stu. K.40 (L/48) on Pz. Jäg. IV
Figure 85.-7.5 cm Stu. K.40 (L/48) on Pz. Jäg. IV.
[VII-63]

Figure 86.--10.5 cm Stu. H. 42
Figure 86.--10.5 cm Stu. H. 42.

e. 105-MM ASSAULT HOWITZER ON Pz. Kpfw. III CHASSIS (Stu. G. III für 10.5 cm Stu. H. 42). (1) General. This close-support weapon has, the usual characteristics of the assault guns mentioned in previous paragraphs, but is confined to a purely antipersonnel role and does not fire armor-piercing ammunition. Like most German howitzers, however, it is supplied with hollow-charge ammunition to give it some anti-armor performance.

(2) Specifications.

[VII-64]

3. Field and Medium Self-Propelled Artillery

a. WASP (Wespe), 10.5 cm le. F. H. (18/2) ON THE MODIFIED Pz. Kpfw. II CHASSIS. (1) General. The Wasp is the most common self-propelled version of the standard German light field howitzer, 10.5 cm le. F. H. 18. With a maximum elevation of 42 degrees, it has only slightly less maximum range than the field-mounted version. Other modified versions of the 10.5 cm le. F. H. 18 may be found mounted on the French "Lorraine" chassis, the Hotchkiss 39 tank chassis, and the Pz. Kpfw. IV B chassis.

(2) Specifications.

Figure 87.--Wasp (10.5 cm le. F.H. 18/2 on Pz. Kpfw. II)
Figure 87.--Wasp (10.5 cm le. F.H. 18/2 on Pz. Kpfw. II).

[VII-65]

Figure 89--15 cm Stu. H. 43 on Pz. Kpfw. IV Chassis (Brummbar)
Figure 89--15 cm Stu. H. 43 on Pz. Kpfw. IV Chassis (Brummbar).

Figure 90.--15 cm Heavy Infantry Howitzer (s.I.G. 33) on Pz. Kpfw. II Chassis
Figure 90.--15 cm Heavy Infantry Howitzer (s.I.G. 33) on Pz. Kpfw. II Chassis.

[VII-66]

b. GRIZZLY BEAR (Brummbär) or Stu. Pz. 43 (15 cm Stu. H. 43 (L/12) on Pz. Kpfw. IV CHASSIS). (1) General. This is essentially a close-support weapon and mounts a very short-barreled howitzer in a high, armored superstructure. The 150-mm infantry gun (s. I. G. 33) performs a similar role on its various self-propelled mountings: the chassis of Pz. Kpfw. IB, Pz. Kpfw. II, and the Czech 38 (t). The Grizzly Bear gives much better protection to the crew than any of these.

(2) Specifications.

[VII-67]


Figure 91.--15 cm. s.F.H. 18 on hybrid Pz. Kpfw. III/IV Chassis (Hummel).
[VII-68]

c. BUMBLE BEE (Hummel) 15 cm s. F.H. 18/1 ON Gw. III/IV. (1) General. This self-propelled medium howitzer employs a hybrid chassis made up of the suspension of the Pz. Kpfw. IV and various components of Pz. Kpfw. III. This gun has the same mission in its self-propelled version as in its field version. The 15 cm S. F. H. 13, an older medium howitzer (obsolete on its field mount), may be found in the same role, mounted on the French "Lorraine" chassis.

(2) Specifications.

Figure 92.--15 cm Howitzer (s.F.H. 13) on French Lorraine Chassis
Figure 92.--15 cm Howitzer (s.F.H. 13) on French Lorraine Chassis.
[VII-69]

4. Tank Destroyers

a. RHINOCEROS (Nashorn, FORMERLY HORNET (Hornisse), 8.8 cm Pak 43/1 ON the Gw. III/IV. (1) General. This is one of the versions of the 8.8 cm Pak 43, the latest 88-mm antitank gun, mounted on the hybrid chassis of the Pz. Kpfw. III and IV. The vehicle's silhouette is very high and the armor protection given to the crew by the thin-skinned superstructure is very poor. The gun, however, is able to engage tanks at very long ranges.

(2) Specifications.

b. ELEPHANT (Elefant), FORMERLY Ferdinand, 8.8 cm Stu. K. 43 or Pak 43/2 ON THE Panzer Jäger Tiger P. (1) General. This is another version of the latest model, long 88-mm antitank gun. The gun is mounted on the Tiger P chassis, a discarded early version of the Tiger, incorporating twin gasoline generating units with direct electric drive. Although protected by heavy armor, this vehicle has been relatively unsuccessful
[VII-70]

Figure 93.-8.8 cm Pak 43/1 on Pz Jäg. III/IV (Rhinoceros)
Figure 93.-8.8 cm Pak 43/1 on Pz Jäg. III/IV (Rhinoceros).

Figure 94.--8.8 cm Stu. K.43/1 on Tiger P Chassis (Elephant)
Figure 94.--8.8 cm Stu. K.43/1 on Tiger P Chassis (Elephant).

because it is ponderous and difficult to maneuver.

(2) Specifications.

[VII-71]

c. Jagdpanther, 8.8 cm Pak 43/3 OR 43/4 (L/71) ON THE PANTHER CHASSIS. (1) General. This tank destroyer is intended for engaging armored targets at long ranges from stationary positions. A single, heavy, sloping plate protects the front of both hull and superstructure. The gun is mounted centrally in this plate, giving the vehicle the appearance of an assault gun, with the gun rather high.

(2) Specifications.

[VII-72]


Figure 95.--8.8 cm Pak 43/3 on Panther Chassis (Jagdpanther).

d. Jagdtiger, 12.8 cm Pak 44 (L/55) ON THE Pz. Jäg. Tiger Model B. (1) General. The 12.8 cm Pak 44 (L/55) is the largest caliber antitank gun the Germans have produced so far. It is only found in a self-propelled version, mounted on the Pz. Jä Tiger Model B, which is an adaptation of the King Tiger chassis. The superstructure in which the gun is mounted, is very heavily armored. The Jagdtiger supersedes the 12.8 cm K. 40 mounted on a hybrid chassis, which was employed in Russia and will probably not be encountered in the future.

(2) Specifications.

[VII-73]

Figure 96--12.8 cm K.40 on Hybrid Chassis (Pz. Kpfw. III, IV, VI)
Figure 96--12.8 cm K.40 on Hybrid Chassis (Pz. Kpfw. III, IV, VI).

5. Self-Propelled Antiaircraft Guns

a. GENERAL. The growth of Allied air power and the decline of the Luftwaffe have forced the Germans to devise self-propelled antiaircraft guns to defend transport columns from low-level air attack.

b. Flakpanzer. Light antiaircraft guns of 20-mm or 37-mm caliber mounted on half-tracked vehicles have been in existence for some time, but the appearance of the so-called Flakpanzer or antiaircraft tanks is a new development. These consist essentially of a tank with turret removed and replaced by a light antiaircraft gun protected by an armored shield. The following types of Flakpanzer have been identified so far:

(1) The 2 cm Flak 38 mounted on the chassis of the Czech 38 (t) tank.

(2) The 3.7 cm Flak 43 mounted on the Pz. Kpfw. IV chassis.

(3) The 2 cm Flakvierling 38 (four-barreled antiaircraft automatic cannon) mounted on the Pz. Kpfw. IV chassis with a thin eight-sided shield.

c. HALF-TRACK CARRIAGES. The 15-mm or 20-mm M.G. 151, a standard aircraft machine gun, has been recently mounted on the 3-ton, lightly armored, half-tracked vehicle, Sd. Kfz. 251/21, in a triple mounting with maximum elevation of 49°. The maximum cyclic rate of fire for the three guns is 2,100 rounds per minute. (Details of antiaircraft weapons are given in Section IV.)

[VII-74]

6. List of Self-Propelled Artillery

a. CLOSE SUPPORT AND ASSAULT SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY.

Gun Carriage
7.5 cm Kw.K. (L/24) Pz. Kpfw. III chassis (Sd. Kfz. 142)
7.5 cm Kw.K. (L/24) Half-track (Sd. Kfz. 251/90)
7.5 cm Kw.K. (L/24) 8-wheeled armoured car (Sd. Kfz. 233)
7.5 cm Kw.K. (L/24) Half-track (Sd. Kfz. 10)
7.5 cm Stu.K. 40 (L/43) Pz. Kpfw. III chassis (Sd. Kfz. 142)
7.5 cm Stu.K. 40 (L/48) Pz. Kpfw. III chassis (Sd. Kfz. 142)
7.5 cm Stu.K. 40 (L/48) Pz. Kpfw. IV chassis
7.5 cm Stu.K. 42 (L/70) Pz. Kpfw. IV chassis (Sd. Kfz. 162)

b. FIELD AND MEDIUM SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY.

Gun Carriage
10.5 cm Stu.H. 42 (L/28) Pz. Kpfw III chassis (Sd. Kfz. 142)
15 cm s.I.G. 33 (L/12) Pz. Kpfw. I B chassis (Sd. Kfz. 101)
15 cm s.I.G. 33 (L/12) Pz. Kpfw. II chassis (Sd. Kfz. 121)
15 cm s.I.G. 33/1 (L/12) Gw. 38 (Sd. Kfz. 138/1)
15 cm Stu. H. 43 (L/12) Pz. Kpfw. IV chassis (Sd. Kfz. 166)
10.5 cm le. F. H. 18/2 Gw. II (Sd. Kfz. 124)
10.5 cm le. F. H. 18/4 Lorraine (French) chassis
10.5 cm le. F. H. 18 Pz. Kpfw. H. 39 chassis
10.5 cm le. F. H. 18/1 Pz. Kpfw. IV B chassis
15 cm s. F. H. 13 Lorraine (French) chassis
15 cm s. F. H. 18/1 Gw. III/IV (Sd. Kfz. 165)

c. TANK DESTROYERS.
Gun Carriage
2.8 cm Pak 41* Half-track (Sd. Kfz. 250)
3.7 cm Pak* Half-track (Sd. Kfz. 251)
3.7 cm Pak* Renault "Chenillette" (French) armored carrier
4.7 cm Pak (t) * Pz. Kpfw. I chassis
4.7 cm Pak (t) * Pz. Jäg. I
4.7 cm Pak (t) * Renault R.3S (French) tank chassis
5 cm Kw.K. 39/1** 8-wheeled armored car (Sd. Kfz. 234)
7.5 cm Pak 40 Pz. Kpfw. 38 (t) chassis
7.5 cm Pak 40/3 Pz. Jäg 38 (Sd. Kfz. 138)
7.5 cm Pak 39 L/48 Pz. Jäg 38 (t)
7.5 cm Pak 40 Pz. Kpfw. II chassis
7.5 cm Pak 40 Pz. Jäg. II (Sd. Kfz. 131)
7.5 cm Pak 40 Pz. Jäg. II (Ausf. D/E) (Sd. Kfz. 132)
7.5 cm Kw.K* Half-track (Sd. Kfz. 251/9)
7.5 cm Pak 40/1 Pz. Jdg. Lr. S. (Sd. Kfz. 135)
7.5 cm Pak 40 Truck
7.5 cm Pak 40 Schneider Kegresse Armored Car chassis (modified)
7.5 cm Pak 40 Hotchkiss H. 39 tank chassis
7.5 cm Pak 39 (L/48) Panzerjäger IV (Sd. Kfz. 162)
7.62 cm Pak 36 (r) * Half-track (Sd. Kfz. 6)
7.62 cm Pak 36 (r) Pz. Kpfw. 38 (t) chassis
7.62 cm Pak 36 (r) Pz. Jäg. 38 (Sd. Kfz. 139)
7.62 cm Pak 36 (r) Pz. Kpfw. II chassis
7.62 cm Pak 36 (r) Pz. Jdg. II (Sd. Kfz. 131)
7.62 cm Pak 36 (r) Pz. Jdg. II Ausf. D/E (Sd. Kfz. 132)
7.62 cm F.K. (r) Pz. Jäg. II Ausf. D/E (Sd. Kfz. 132)
8.8 cm Pak 43/1 (L/71) Pz. Jäg. III/IV (Sd. Kfz. 164)
8.8 cm Pak 43/3 or Pak 43/4 Pz. Kpfw. Panther chassis (Sd. Kfz. 173)
8.8 cm Stu. K. 43/1 (L/71) or Pak 43/2 (L/71) Tiger (P) chassis (Sd. Kfz. 182)
12.8 cm K.40 Hybrid chassis
12.8 cm Pak 44 (L/55) Tiger II chassis

d. SELF-PROPELLED ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS.
Gun Carriage
2 cm Flak 30 or 38* Half-track (Sd. Kfz. 10)
2 cm Flak 38* Half-track (Sd. Kfz. 70)
2 cm Flakvierling 38* Half-track (Sd. Kfz. 7)
3.7 cm Flak 18 or 36* Half-track (Sd. Kfz. 6)
5 cm Flak 41* M.G. 151/15 or M.G. 151/20 Flakdrilling Half-track (Sd. Kfz. 251 21) (3-ton half-track)
2 cm Flak 38 Pz. Kpfw. 38 (t) chassis
3.7 cm Flak 43 Pz. Kpfw. IV chassis
2 cm Flakvierling 38 Pz. Kpfw. IV chassis
* Obsolete
** See "Armored Cars" for description

[VII-75]

Figure 97.--Pz. Kpfw. I, Model A
Figure 97.--Pz. Kpfw. I, Model A.

(2) Specifications.

Model
A B C Commander's
Weight in action (tons) 5.88 6.44 8.96 6.44
Crew 2 men 2 men 3 men
Armor, Hull front 13 mm 13 mm 32 mm.
    Hull sides 15 mm 15 mm 25 mm 15 mm.
    Front glacis plate 8 mm 8 mm 20 mm.
    Superstructure
        Sides 13 mm 13 mm 15 mm.
        Turret front 15 mm 15 mm 50 mm
        Turret sides 13 mm 13 mm
Armament Two
M.G. 13		 Two
M.G. 13		 One
AT Gun
One M.G.		 One
M.G. 34
Dimensions
    Length (feet) 13 14 14
    Width (ffet) 6.75 6.75 6.75
    Height (feet) 5.58 5.73 6.41
    Clearance (inches) 9.75 10 10
Road speed (miles per hour) 12 15-16 15-16
Range on roads (miles) 112 87 87
* Sd. Kfz. is the German abbreviation for Sonderkraftfahrzeug, meaning special motor vehicle.

[VII-76]

Section VI. ARMORED VEHICLES

1. General

The story of German armored vehicle development is concerned principally with tanks, which have undergone considerable change since the beginning of the war. German tanks have shown, in the course of 5 years of war, a gradual change from the Blitzkrieg concept of battle to greater emphasis on defensive, or at least offensive-defensive, operations for which the latest German tank, the King Tiger, heavily armed and armored but relatively slow and unmaneuverable, is suitable.

German tank development began in 1934, ostensibly at the same time as the rest of the rearmament program, but there is no doubt that considerable thought and experimentation had been devoted to the subject before then. By 1939 the Germans had evolved four types of tanks: the Pz. Kpfw.1 I, II, III, and IV, with which the Blitzkrieg campaigns were conducted. There is evidence that larger tanks were being developed in 1939, and specimens of what are assumed to have been a Pz. Kpfw. V and a Pz. Kpfw. VI in an experimental stage were employed in the invasion of Norway. These, however, must have proved unsatisfactory, since they were dropped, and the present Pz. Kpfw. V (Panther) and Pz. Kpfw. VI (Tiger) have no connection with them.

Meanwhile, the Pz. Kpfw. I and II gradually became obsolescent, first being relegated to reconnaissance roles and then finally disappearing in 1943 from the Table of Equipment of the Panzer regiment. The heavier tanks, Pz. Kpfw. III and IV, which had proven satisfactory under fire, were modified to meet new conditions by thicker armor and more effective guns.

In 1942, the Pz. Kpfw. VI, or Tiger, appeared in Russia, and later in Africa. The Tiger was designed in the direct German tradition, and simply was armed more heavily and armored more thickly than its predecessors. It appeared out of its proper order in the line of succession, for the Pz. Kpfw. V, or Panther, did not appear until nearly a year later. The Panther was somewhat of a surprise, since it marked a departure from the conventional lines of German design, and in the arrangement of its armor showed strong signs of Russian influence. Its great success in combat undoubtedly gave rise to the decision to redesign the Tiger, which to some extent had fallen short of expectations. The new version is the Koenigstiger or King Tiger.

2. Obsolete Tanks

a. GENERAL. The Pz. Kpfw. I, Pz. Kpfw. II, and Pz. Kpfw. III, although obsolete, are discussed here since they still may be met occasionally in the field.

b. LIGHT TANK (Pz. Kpfw. I). (1) General. This was the first tank to be standardized by the Germans, and the first ones were produced in 1934. Three models (A, B, and C) and a commander's version (based on model B) have been identified, but model C never has been encountered in action. The hull of the Pz. Kpfw. I was used as a self-propelled mount for several types of artillery weapons, but it no longer will be met even in this role.

[(2) Specifications on page 76.]

c. LIGHT TANK (Pz. Kpfw. II). (1) General. This tank is manned by three men: a commander, who acts as the gunner; a radio operator; and a driver. A large number of models of this tank were produced before it became obsolete. In a very much modified form it has reappeared as the Luchs (Lynx) reconnaissance tank in Western Europe. The original experimental models of Pz. Kpfw. II were produced between 1934 and 1936; it finally was abandoned as a fighting vehicle in 1943. A flame-throwing version, Pz. Kpfw. II (F), also has become obsolete and probably will not be met again. Model F, not the flame-thrower tank, was the latest model encountered. The modified hull of the Pz. Kpfw. II is still in use as a self-propelled gun carriage, notably in the case of the 15 cm s.I.G. 33 and the 10 cm le. F.H. 18.

(1) Specifications.

[VII-77]


Figure 98.--Pz. Kpfw. II

d. MEDIUM TANK (Pz. Kpfw. III). (1) General. This tank has appeared in many models but has retained basic characteristics throughout. The latest models to appear are armed with the long-barreled 5 cm Kw.K. 39 (L/60), which in 1942 displaced the shorter 5 cm Kw.K. (L/42). The original main armament, discarded late in 1940, was a 37-mm gun. The Pz. Kpfw. III now is obsolete and rarely encountered. The excellent hull and suspension have been utilized as the carriage for self-propelled guns, and it is in this form that the vehicle remains in production. The Pz. Kpfw. III has been encountered armed with the short 7.5 cm Kw.K. (the original armament of the Pz. Kpfw. IV), and also as a commander's vehicle, as a flame-throwing tank, as a wrecker tank, as an armored ammunition carrier, and as an armored observation post.

(2) Specifications.

[VII-78]

Figure 99.--Pz. Kpfw. III
Figure 99.--Pz. Kpfw. III.

3. Medium Tanks

a. Pz. Kpfw. IV. (1) General. Of the four tank types with which the Germans started the war, only the Pz. Kpfw. IV survives in service, although its role has been changed and it now carries a main armament which resembles the original gun only in caliber. It was armed originally with a short-barreled 75-mm gun (7.5 cm Kw.K. (L/24)) and a machine gun mounted coaxially in the turret. In later models a hull machine gun was added. With this short, low-velocity gun the tank was primarily a close-support weapon. In 1942 it was re-armed with a long-barreled, high-velocity gun, the 7.5 cm Kw.K. 40 (L/43), and thus changed its role from a close-support vehicle to a fighting tank and displaced the Pz. Kpfw. III as the main armament of the Panzer regiment. At the present time the Pz. Kpfw. IV is only a stopgap for the Panther. If enough Panther tanks become available, the disappearance of the Pz. Kpfw. IV may be expected.

The latest version of this tank to appear is the Model H, which differs from the Model G, of which details are given, only in its 75-mm gun being 48 calibers long instead of 43. There is no change in the ballistic characteristics.

This tank also has appeared in a commander's model, as an observation-post tank, as an ammunition tank, and as an armored antiaircraft vehicle. The hull and suspension also have been employed for self-propelled guns.

(2) Specifications.

[VII-79]

Figure 100.--Pz. Kpfw. IV, Model F2, (Sd. Kfz. 161)
Figure 100.--Pz. Kpfw. IV, Model F2, (Sd. Kfz. 161).

4. Heavy Tanks

a. Pz. Kpfw. Panther. (1) General. In this tank, probably the most successful they have produced, the Germans have departed from their customary lines and sought inspiration in the design of the Russian T34. The tank weighs about 50 short tons, and the effectiveness of its armor is enhanced by the fact that most of the plates are sloping. It has powerful armament, and has a high-powered engine which gives it a maximum speed of about 30 miles per hour. Internally the Panther is arranged in the standard German manner, with the driver's compartment in front, the fighting compartment in the center section, and the engine at the rear.

The Panther's design employs the double torsion-bar suspension. There are eight double, interleaved, large Christie-type bogie wheels. Each set of bogie wheels is mounted on a radius arm on the projecting end of a torsion bar which is coupled in series to a second one lying parallel to it. This ingenious device has the effect of doubling the length of the torsion bars.

[VII-80]

Figure 101.--Pz. Kpfw. 'Panther'
Figure 101.--Pz. Kpfw. "Panther".

Figure 102.--Pz. Kpfw. 'Tiger'
Figure 102.--Pz. Kpfw. "Tiger".

[VII-81]

The Panther first was met in action on the Russian front in the summer of 1943. Originally designated Pz. Kpfw. V, its nickname, Panther, was adopted as its official nomenclature in February 1944. The latest version to appear is the Model G. The principal reasons for the success of the Panther are its relatively high speed, maneuverability, dangerous armament, and good protection.

Variants of the Panther tank which have been identified are the commander's version, the wrecker tank (Bergepanther), and the self-propelled gun Jagdpanther, which consists of the 8.8 cm Pak 43/3 or 4 on the Panther chassis.

(1) Specifications.

b. Pz. Kpfw. Tiger. (1) General.This tank,

Figure 103.--Pz. Kpfw. 'Tiger', Model E (Sd. Kfz. 181)
Figure 103.--Pz. Kpfw. "Tiger", Model E (Sd. Kfz. 181).

[VII-82]

originally the Pz. Kpfw. VI, first was encountered by the Russians in the last half of 1942, and by the Western Allies in Tunisia early in 1943. It's colloquial name, Tiger, was adopted officially in February 1944. The current version is Model E.

Unlike the Panther, the Tiger is designed on familiar German lines, but all the dimensions are increased. The main armament is the 8.8 cm Kw.K. 36, which is essentially the 8.8 cm Flak 36 adapted for turret mounting. The mounting of such a heavy gun has raised considerable problems of rigidity, and consequently the hull is constructed of large plates entirely welded together. The superstructure is made up in one unit, and welded to the hull. The turret wall is made from a single large piece of armor, 82 mm thick, bent into a horseshoe shape. Further, all the armor plates are interlocked, in addition to being welded. The armor of the Tiger, at the time of its appearance, was the thickest ever to be fitted on any German tank, the front vertical plate being 102 mm thick and the hull sides 62 mm.

The suspension, which employs interleaved, Christie-type bogie wheels with a very wide track, is reasonably simple and is an effective solution of the suspension problem for such a large and heavy vehicle.

The Tiger engine requires very skilled driving and maintenance to get the best performance, and in the hands of insufficiently trained crews mechanical troubles are apt to appear. This characteristic has been the tank's principal disadvantage.

(1) Specifications.

c. Pz. Kpfw. TIGER, MODEL B (KING TIGER). (1) General. This tank is a development of the Tiger along the lines of the Panther and with a new main armament, the 8.8 cm Kw.K. 43 (L/71). The armor is as thick as that of the Tiger--in some parts thicker--and the improved design and the slope given to the majority of the plates (as in the Panther) give the tank vastly improved protection.

The King Tiger is a tank designed essentially for defensive warfare or for breaking through strong lines of defense. It is unsuitable for rapid maneuver and highly mobile warfare because of its great weight and low speed. To accommodate the gun the turret has been made unusually long in proportion to the total length of the tank. When "buttoned up" the tank is extremely blind, and this is one of its weakest points.

Since the King Tiger first appeared in August 1944 in Normandy, modifications have been made in the turret to eliminate the excessive plate-bending involved in the original construction. The King Tiger virtually is invulnerable to frontal attack, but the flanks, which are less well protected, can be penetrated by Allied antitank weapons at most normal combat ranges.

[VII-83]

Figure 104.--Pz. Kpfw. 'Tiger', Model B
Figure 104.--Pz. Kpfw. "Tiger", Model B.

Figure 105.--Pz. Kpfw. 'Tiger', Model B (Sd. Kfz. 182)
Figure 105.--Pz. Kpfw. "Tiger", Model B (Sd. Kfz. 182)

[VII-84]

(2) Specifications.

5. Armored Cars

a. GENERAL. Two main types of armored cars still are in use in the German Army; the light four-wheeled, and heavy eight-wheeled vehicles. These have persisted almost without modification throughout the course of the war, and are vehicles entirely satisfactory in their role. A scries of six-wheeled armored cars which existed before the outbreak of war apparently was unsatisfactory or redundant, for this type never has been met in action.

b. FOUR-WHEELED ARMORED CAR (Leichter Panzerspahwagen 2 cm). (1) General. In addition to the normal four-wheeled armored car, which is armed with a 20-mm automatic cannon and an M.G. 34, there is a model (Sd. Kfz. 221) mounting a machine gun only, and a radio vehicle (Sd. Kfz. 223), also mounting one machine gun and having a rectangular, overhead, folding, frame aerial.

Figure 106.--Four-wheeled armored car (Sd. Kfz. 222)
Figure 106.--Four-wheeled armored car (Sd. Kfz. 222).

[VII-85]

Figure 107.--Eight-wheeled armored vehicles
Figure 107.--Eight-wheeled armored vehicles.

[VII-86]

(2) Specifications.

c. EIGHT-WHEELED ARMORED CAR (Schwerer Panzerspahwagen 8 Rad). (1) General.The eight-wheeled armored car has appeared in a variety of subsidiary roles. In addition to the principal version (Sd. Kfz. 231), there are two radio vehicles (Sd. Kfz. 232 and 263), an armored car mounting the 7.5 cm Kw.K. 38 and having no turret, and the eight-wheeled armored car mounting a 5 cm Kw.K. 39 in a turret (Sd. Kfz. 234/2). The radio vehicles have large, rectangular, folding, frame aerials.

(2) Specifications.

d. HALF-TRACKED ARMORED CAR (Le. Schtz. Pz. Wg. 2 cm). (1) General.This half-tracked armored car is armed with 20-mm automatic cannon and machine gun in a turret.

(2) Specifications.

Figure 108.--Armored 3-ton half-tracked vehicle mounting 2 cm Flak 36
Figure 108.--Armored 3-ton half-tracked vehicle mounting 2 cm Flak 36.

[VII-87]

6. Armored Personnel Carriers

A great variety of vehicles of the armored personnel-carrier type are in use in the German Army. Two types of chassis have been used for these: the 1-ton half-tracked prime mover (Sd. Kfz. 10) and the 3-ton half-tracked prime mover (Sd. Kfz. 11). These vehicles are armored only lightly (5 to 15 mm) and the plates are sloped like those on the armored cars. There has been a recent tendency to mount artillery (antiaircraft or antitank) up to 37-mm caliber in these vehicles. The following are examples of these vehicles:

Section VII. ROCKET WEAPONS

1. General

a. DEVELOPMENT. German rocket weapons have undergone considerable development since their first appearance in combat in 1941, after experiments over a period of several years. There are now about a dozen standard projectors, in addition to a number of non-standard weapons which either are of a specialized design or have not yet reached a stage of development warranting large-scale production. The Germans introduced rocket projectors for laying heavy concentrations of smoke and for massed fire on area targets. Because the projectors are comparatively light, they are far more mobile than field artillery weapons firing projectiles of similar weights. However, the rocket projectors do not have the accuracy of artillery.

b. TYPES OF ROCKET WEAPONS. The more common types of German rocket weapons are the 150-mm six-barreled projector (15 cm Nebelwerfer 41), the 210-mm five-barreled projector (21 cm Nebelwerfer 42), and the 280-mm and 320-mm projector (28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41), all mounted on two-wheeled tired carriages, and the 150-mm ten-barreled projector (15 cm Panzerwerfer 42), mounted on an armored half-track.

2. Field Projectors

a. 150-MM ROCKET LAUNCHER (15 cm Nebelwerfer 41). (1) General description. This is the original tube-type equipment and consists of six tubes mounted on a simple two-wheeled carriage with a split trail. It is provided with elevating and traversing gears and has an electrical firing contact at the breech end of each barrel. These contacts lead to a junction box on the upper right-hand side of the barrel assembly. To prevent the weapon from being over-turned by blast, the barrels are fired separately in fixed order (1, 4, 6, 2, 3, 5), all six rounds being discharged in 10 seconds. To escape the blast, the firer lies in a slit trench about 15 yards to the flank and operates the weapon by means of an electrical switch connected to the junction box. Since the crew must seek shelter during firing, it requires about 90 seconds to load and fire a series of six rounds. A single tube projector known as the Do-Gerät which fires the same ammunition is used by airborne troops.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. This projector fires HE and smoke projectiles, and there is some evidence that chemical rockets also exist for this weapon.

b. 210-MM ROCKET LAUNCHER (21 cm Nebelwerfer 42). (1) General description. This is a five-barreled projector on the lines of the 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41, with similar carriage and electrical firing system. Removable internal rails are now supplied for this weapon to permit firing the 150-mm rockets.

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Figure 109.--15 cm Nebelwerfer 41
Figure 109.--15 cm Nebelwerfer 41.

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Figure 110.--21 cm Nebelwerfer 42
Figure 110.--21 cm Nebelwerfer 42.

Figure 111.--The Panzerwerfer 42 fires the same rockets as the 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41
Figure 111.--The Panzerwerfer 42 fires the same rockets as the 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41.

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(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. The projector fires an HE projectile with a 28-pound bursting charge.

c. 150-MM SELF-PROPELLED PROJECTOR (15 cm Panzerwerfer 42). (1) General description. The Germans have mounted this ten-barreled rocket projector on the rear of a lightly armored half-tracked vehicle with a Maultier suspension. Two horizontal rows of five barrels are mounted on a turntable with a 360-degree traverse. The weapon is fired electrically by a gunner who sits in the body of the vehicle immediately below the platform, his head protected by a shallow cupola. It is probable that the rate of fire of this weapon is higher than that of the Nebelwerfer 41, since the crew remains behind armor near the weapon and can reload in less time.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. The ammunition is the same as that fired by the 15 cm Nebelwerfer 41.

d. WOODEN RACK LAUNCHER (28/32 cm Schweres Wurfgerät 40). (1) General description. This is the original frame-type rocket projector and consists of a simple wooden frame upon which the projectiles are rested to be fired from the crates. The rockets are stabilized in flight by rotation imparted by the 26 jets which are inclined at an angle.

Figure 112.--The Wurfgerät 41
Figure 112.--The Wurfgerät 41 consists of a frame of steel tubing on which may be placed 280- or 320-mm rockets in either wooden or steel crates. (The wooden crates are illustrated above.) The rockets are fired from these crates.

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Figure 113.--The Wurfrahmen 40
Figure 113.--The Wurfrahmen 40 is here shown in action. Four wooden rocket-carrying crates are in place on the plates on the side of the half-track. The last of the four rockets has just been fired. Empty crates lie at the right.

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Figure 114.--U.S. soldiers inspect a captured 28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41
Figure 114.--U.S. soldiers inspect a captured 28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41. The weapon is loaded, but electrical leads are not connected to the bases of the rocket motors. Note the box (shown open) which protects the sight.

(2) Ammunition. Both high explosive 280-mm and incendiary 320-mm rockets can be fired from this frame.

High explosive 280mm rocket.

Incendiary 320-mm rocket.

Figure 115.--7.5 cm Multiple Fortress Rocket Projector
Figure 115.--7.5 cm Multiple Fortress Rocket Projector.

e. STEEL RACK LAUNCHER (28/32 cm Schweres Wurfgerät 41). Metal instead of wood construction of the launching frame and crate distinguish this rocket launcher from the 28/32 cm Schweres Wurfgerät 40. The same HE and incendiary projectiles are fired.

f. MOTORIZED LAUNCHER (28/32 cm Schwerer Wurfrahmen 40). (1) General description. Modified versions of the Schweres Wurfgerät are used on half-tracked armored vehicles. Six projectors are mounted on the vehicle, three on each side. Each projector consists of two parts: a carrier plate bolted on the side of the vehicle and a bracket to hold the crate from which the rocket is fired. This bracket is provided with an elevating scale and clamp.

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(3) Ammunition. The same projectiles are fired as from the Schweres Wurfgerät.

g. MOBILE LAUNCHER (28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41). (1) General description. This mobile version of the Schweres Wurfgerät consists of a framework designed to hold six projectiles mounted upon a two-wheeled carriage. The trail is detached after the carriage has been towed into position, and the launcher is laid like an artillery piece. The standard electrical firing mechanism is used.

(2) Ammunition. The projectiles fired are the standard 280-mm (HE) and 320-mm incendiary rockets.

h. 300-MM MOBILE LAUNCHER (30 cm Nebelwerfer 42). (1) General description. Similar to the 28/32 cm Nebelwerfer 41, this six-frame projector launches the largest of the German high-explosive rockets.

(2) Ammunition. The 300-mm rocket is better streamlined than the 280-mm or 320-mm projectiles, has a higher ratio of propellent weight to total weight, and as a result has a much longer range.

High explosive 300-mm rocket.
Designation 30 cm Wk. 42 Spr.
Weight 277 pounds.
Bursting charge 100 pounds of amatol.
Maximum range 5,000 yards.
Length of rocket 4 feet 7/16 inches.

3. Antiaircraft Rocket Weapons

a. GENERAL. Despite persistent reports of some kind of high-altitude antiaircraft rocket in use by the Germans, only two such projectiles have been identified, and neither has a high vertical range. The two antiaircraft rockets known are the 86-mm free cable and parachute type and 152-mm rocket of similar type but with the cable tied to the ground. The cables emitted by the rockets are designed as a hazard to aircraft.

b. 86-MM ANTIAIRCRAFT PROJECTOR. (1) General description. The 86-mm antiaircraft parachute rockets are fired from this single type projector. The frame is enclosed in a square-sectioned sheet metal casing, enlarged at the forward end to form a flash hider. The casing is mounted on a vertical tube provided with elevating and traversing gears. The projector sight is graduated up to 2,625 feet.

(2) Ammunition. The rocket, which is percussion fired, weighs 11 pounds and contains 310 feet of thin wire cable with a parachute at one end and a circular counterweight at the other. This parachute is ejected by a small charge actuated by a delay train initiated by the propellent.

c. 152-MM ANTIAIRCRAFT ROCKET. (1) General description. The details of the launching device for this rocket are not known. The projectile contains an HE charge in the nose and a parachute and length of cable in the body. When the projectile is discharged it unwinds the cable which is anchored to the ground. The cable is fully unwound at an altitude of about 3,000 feet and pulls out the parachute. The projectile continues its upward flight until destroyed by the nose charge which is fitted with a delay action fuze. The cable, suspended by the parachute, will sink slowly to the ground.

4. Other Rocket Weapons

a. 75-MM MULTIPLE ROCKET PROJECTOR. The latest German frame-type projector consists of 28 frames mounted in four horizontal rows of seven each at the forward end of a long carriage. Each frame is built of a metal hoop and a T-shaped steel guide bar. Each row of frames is a separate assembly and is bolted to the inclined superstructure above the carriage. The four rows are connected by a system of links and are elevated simultaneously from the rear of the carriage, where a shield, 0.4 inch thick, protects the layer. The whole assembly may be traversed either about a forked center pivot or by moving the carriage itself, which is light enough to be manhandled. The limits of elevation are 4 degrees and 55 degrees. The rockets are fired by percussion through a multiple firing pin mechanism at the rear of each row of projectors. Each row is cocked separately, but all strikers are released by one pull on the firing cable. The rocket fired from this launcher has not been identified.

b. 73-MM PROPAGANDA ROCKET LAUNCHER (7.3 cm Propagandawerfer). (1) General description. This is a very simple launcher consisting of a single cage hinged to a framework base of tubular steel and supported at the front by an adjustable arm. The weapon is intended for close range delivery of paper propaganda.

(2) Ammunition. The rocket weighs 7.1 pounds and instead of bursting charge or chemical filling contains 8 ounces of propaganda leaflets.

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c. 80-MM ROCKET (8 cm Raketen Sprenggranate). This high explosive rocket is provided with studs on the side for projection, which indicate that it possibly is used both as a ground and aircraft rocket. It is unrotated and is stabilized in flight by tail fins. The rocket weighs 15.2 pounds, and the maximum ground range is estimated at 6,300 yards.

d. 240-mm Rocket Projector.

The existence of this projector has been inferred from the use of a 240-mm rocket bomb. Details are not known.

Section VIII. GRENADES

1. Hand Grenades

a. HIGH EXPLOSIVE STICK GRENADE (Stielhandgranate 24). (1) General description. This grenade consists of a hollow wooden handle and a thin sheet metal head containing the bursting charge. A double length of cord connects a porcelain bead at the lower end of the handle to a friction igniter and detonator assembly screwed on the head of the grenade. The wooden handle is closed at its lower end by a metal screw cap. A fragmentation sleeve is sometimes used with this grenade to improve the antipersonnel effect. This is a metal collar split longitudinally so it can be clipped around the head of the grenade. The surface of the sleeve may be either smooth or divided by serrations to assist fragmentation.

Figure 116.--Stielhandgranate 24, HE Stick Grenade
Figure 116.--Stielhandgranate 24, HE Stick Grenade.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Operation. To arm the grenade, unscrew the metal cap at the lower end of the handle and pull the porcelain bead. This initiates the friction igniter and the grenade will function at the end of the 4- to 5-second delay.

b. HIGH EXPLOSIVE STICK GRENADE (Stielhandgranate 43). (1) General description. This is a modified form of the Stielhandgranate 24. It has the same thin sheet metal head, but has a solid handle. A blue-capped pull igniter and detonator assembly screw into the top of the grenade head. Like the Model 24, this grenade is used with a smooth or serrated fragmentation sleeve.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Operation. To arm the grenade unscrew and pull the blue metal cap on the top of the explosive head. This initiates the 41/2-second delay.

c. WOODEN IMPROVISED HAND GRENADE (Behelfshandgranate-Holz). (1) General description. This is an offensive-type grenade constructed entirely of wood. It consists of a cylindrical wooden head screwed on a hollow wooden handle. The head is bored to a depth of 47/8 inches, and specimens of this grenade have been found to contain half a Bohrpatrone (standard 100-gram (3.527 ounces) demolition cartridge). The extra space is filled by a wooden plug. A fuze and detonator assembly is located in the forward end of the handle with the detonator inserted into the center of the Bohrpatrone. A pull igniter is attached by cord to a button in the recess under the metal cap at the lower end of the handle. These grenades are packed in wooden boxes holding 14 grenades. They are prepared with charges and delay igniters. The detonators, with a short length of fuze, are carried in a separate container inside the box.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Operation. To arm the grenade, unscrew the head and break the paper seal on the Bohrpatrone. Screw the detonator and fuze assembly into the igniter and slip the detonator into the head of the Bohrpatrone. Replace the head and

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the grenade is ready for use. To use the grenade remove the metal cap on the lower end of the handle, pull the button attached to the friction igniter and throw. This grenade is designed to produce blast effect and may be used by troops advancing in the open.

d. CONCRETE IMPROVISED HAND GRENADE (Behelfshandgranate-Beton). (1) General description. This grenade is an offensive type grenade similar to the wooden improvised hand grenade, except the grenade head is made of concrete instead of wood and a full 100-gram Bohrpatrone is used as an explosive charge.

(2) Characteristics.

Figure 117.--Eihandgranale 39 HE Egg Grenade
Figure 117.--Eihandgranale 39 HE Egg Grenade (left, older; right, later version).

e. HIGH EXPLOSIVE HAND GRENADE (Eihandgranate 39). (1) General description. This is an egg-shaped hand grenade constructed of thin sheet metal with high explosive bursting charge. This grenade and the Stielhandgranate 24 are the standard German hand grenades and are used most. The explosive charge is initiated by a detonator and a friction igniter. The wire loop of the friction igniter is connected by a short cord to a blue metal cap screwed on the top of the grenade body. A model of this grenade containing chloracetophenone also exists. It may be recognized by a yellow ring painted around the grenade and four pear-shaped projections on the lower half of the body. It contains a 112-gram (3.95 ounces) TNT bursting charge and a small aluminum capsule containing 5 grams (0.176 ounce) of chloracetophenone.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Operation. Unscrew the blue metal cap and pull the igniter. The grenade will explode after a delay of 4 to 5 seconds.

f. SMOKE STICK GRENADE (Nebelhandgranate 39). (1) General description. This grenade can be distinguished from the high explosive stick grenade (Stielhandgranate) by three grooves in the handle, which serve as recognition features in the dark, and by a white band painted around the center of the handle and an interrupted white band around the head, with the lettering "Nb. Hgr. 39", also in white. The head is made of thin metal and contains a filling of zinc-hexachlorethane. Instead of the detonator used in the high explosive grenade, an ignition tube is used. This is very similar in appearance to the No. 8 detonator, but may be distinguished by the closed end which is painted green. The smoke generated in the head escapes through holes around the handle socket. A pull igniter is located inside the handle.

(2) Characteristics.

g. SMOKE STICK GRENADE (Nebelhandgranate 39B.) This grenade is a later model of the Nebelhandgranate 39 and differs only in the composition of the smoke mixture. In the Model 39B more hexachlorethane and less zinc are used.

h. SMOKE HAND GRENADE (Nebelhandgranate 41). (1) General description. This grenade has a body which is very similar to that of the Nebelhandgranate 39 but has, instead of a stick handle, a pull igniter inserted into a plastic adapter in the top of the body. There are only two smoke emission holes. The grenade may be recognized by the letters "Nb. Hgr. 41" and a broken line stencilled in white on the body.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Operation. The grenade is initiated by unscrewing the igniter cap and pulling the igniter. This initiates the ignition tube and the grenade begins to emit smoke after about 3 seconds.

i. SMOKE EGG GRENADE (Nebeleihandgranate 42). (1) General description. The elongated egg-shaped body of this grenade is made of thin metal. At the lower extremity a small metal loop is welded or riveted to the body and at the top

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there is a threaded socket for the igniter assembly. Three holes allow the smoke to escape. A standard German pull igniter is screwed into the top. The igniter has a brass body and a steel ring attached to the top. The grenade is marked "Nb. Eihgr. 42" in white and has three short white bands stencilled around the body. A label near the base warns that the fumes can be dangerous in an enclosed space.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Operation. Pull the ring on the igniter before throwing the grenade.

j. GLASS SMOKE GRENADE (Blendkörper 1H). (1) General description. This grenade consists of a sealed glass bulb in a hexagonal carton of corrugated cardboard. The glass is shaped like a somewhat elongated electric light bulb and is about the same size, but of thicker glass. The bulb contains 260 grams (9.17 ounces) of titanium tetrachloride. This grenade is intended for use against the crews of pillboxes and vehicles.

(2) Operation. The grenade is carried in the cardboard container and when required for use it can be withdrawn by a tape attached to the lid of the box; the lid is cemented to the neck of the bulb. Remove the lid and throw the grenade against the target. When the bulb bursts, the mixture will give off a dense smoke.

k. GLASS SMOKE GRENADE (Blendkörper 2H). (1) General description. The glass bulb of this grenade contains 250 grams (8.8175 ounces) of a yellowish liquid. The bulb is sealed at the neck with a sulphur plug which also holds in position a glass tube, orientated along the axis of the bulb. This tube contains 25 grams (0.882 ounce) of a calcium chloride solution. The smoke liquid consists of titanium tetrachloride with silicon tetrachloride added to lower its freezing point. The calcium chloride is used to lower the freezing point of the water which is included to increase the effectiveness of the smoke under conditions of low humidity.

(3) Operation. Throw the grenade at the target in the same way as the Model 1H. A notice on the side of the container, which holds four grenades, states that they are suitable for use at temperatures down to -40° centigrade.

Figure 118.--Panzerwurfmine 1 (L), hollow-charge antitank hand grenade
Figure 118.--Panzerwurfmine 1 (L), hollow-charge antitank hand grenade.

l. HOLLOW-CHARGE ANTITANK HAND GRENADE (Panzerwurfmine 1 (L). (1) General description. This is a recent type antitank grenade. It is of hollow-charge design and is thrown by hand at tanks from a distance of 20 to 30 yards. The grenade body is in the form of a metal cone with a hemispherical, thin, sheet-metal head. The cone contains an explosive charge, with a concave metal retaining plate at the forward end. An air space is formed between this plate and the sheet metal head of the grenade. The narrow end of the cone is located by setting screws around the circumference of a hollow wooden tailpiece containing picric rings and serving as a throwing handle. Around the outside of the tailpiece are four, cloth, triangular shaped fins. Along the outer end of each fin is a steel spring which retains the fins in the open position when the grenade is thrown. When the grenade is being carried, and up to the moment of throwing, these fins are wrapped around the tailpiece and retained in position by a cap. Located in the tail of the grenade is a striker mechanism fitted with a safety pin which has a cloth tab attached. The safety pin is retained in position by a metal clip attached to one of the fins.

(2) Operation. The grenade is held for throwing by the tailpiece, and immediately before throwing the metal cap is removed from the end of the tailpiece. When the grenade is thrown the fins fly outward and the clip attached to one of them comes away from the striker mechanism and releases the safety pin. Upon impact the striker mechanism functions and initiates the bomb.

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m. HOLLOW-CHARGE STICKY GRENADE. The tapering steel body of this grenade contains the hollow-charge. A flat sticky pad at the nose is covered by a press-on lid with a small handle. A tapering fuze adapter terminating in a socket, threaded internally to receive an igniter, is attached to the base of the grenade. The igniter socket is closed during transit by a black plastic plug. Specimens of the igniter and detonator have not been received, but it is believed that a No. 8 detonator is used in combination with a standard 41/2-second egg grenade igniter. It is not clear whether it is necessary to place the grenade on the tank or whether it may be thrown from short ranges.

2. Rifle Grenades

a. HIGH EXPLOSIVE RIFLE GRENADE (Gewehr Sprenggranate). (1) General description. This is a high explosive grenade which may be either fired from the standard rifle discharger cup (Schiessbecher) or thrown as a hand grenade. The projectile has a steel body containing a bursting charge, a base incorporating a flash pellet and delay train, and a point detonating fuze. The base is rifled to conform with the rifling of the discharger cup and fitted with a screwed-in base plug in which there is a flash hole communicating to a 61/2-second delay flash pellet.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Operation. (a) As rifle grenade. When the grenade is fired from the launcher it will be initiated normally by the point detonating fuze, which consists of a striker, primer, and detonator assembly of conventional design. Should the point detonating fuze fail to operate, a flash pellet in the base will ignite a friction composition in the lower end of the projectile body. This will in turn ignite a 41/2-second delay pellet which then initiates the detonator in the bursting charge.

(b) As hand grenade. A short cord located internally between the top of the base and the lower end of the body connects a friction wire below the 41/2-second delay pellet to a washer resting freely in the base. When the grenade is to be thrown by hand, the base is unscrewed and the washer pulled. This operates the friction igniter and sets off the delay train. The grenade is thrown and functions at the end of 41/2 seconds.

Figure 119.--Gewehr Sprenggranate, HE Rifle Grenade
Figure 119.--Gewehr Sprenggranate, HE Rifle Grenade.
(4) Modifications. Modifications to this grenade have appeared. The pull igniter is sometimes omitted, permitting the grenade to be fired from the launcher but it cannot be thrown. The self-destroying device is sometimes omitted. An "all-ways" fuze is sometimes fitted instead of the standard point detonating fuze, setting off the charge no matter which way the grenade strikes.

b. HIGH EXPLOSIVE RIFLE GRENADE WITH INCREASED RANGE (Gewehr Sprenggranate mit Gesteigerter Reichweite). This is a later model of the standard rifle grenade. The self-destroying device has been eliminated and it is fired by a new propelling cartridge. It is claimed that the maximum range has been increased to 711 yards. The grenades may be identified by the box label (Gewehr Sprenggranate mit Gesteigerter Reichweite), by the unperforated base plate and fixed rifle base, or by the propelling cartridge with its bright yellow bullet.

c. ANTITANK RIFLE GRENADE (Gewehr Panzergranate 30). (1) General description. This

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Figure 120.--Gewehr Panzergranate, Antitank Rifle Grenade
Figure 120.--Gewehr Panzergranate, Antitank Rifle Grenade.

is a rifle grenade incorporating the hollow-charge principle. It is fired from the 30-mm rifled discharger cup (Schiessbecher) which can be attached to most types of German rifles. The body of the grenade is in two parts. The forward section is made of steel and contains the bursting charge with the hollow charge cone, closed by a light metal cap. The rear portion is made of light aluminum alloy and contains the fuze and exploder system. A pre-rifled rotating band is located near the base of the grenade. The propellent is contained in a 7.92-mm blank cartridge, crimped at the mouth.

(2) Characteristics.

d. Large Antitank Rifle Grenade (Gross Gewehr Panzergranate 40). (1) General description. This is similar to the Gewehr Panzergranate 30 except that the front portion is enlarged to accommodate a greater bursting charge. The propellent is contained in a standard 7.92-mm cartridge with a wooden bullet.

(2) Characteristics.

Figure 121.--Gross Gewehr Panzergranate, Large Antitank Rifle Grenade
Figure 121.--Gross Gewehr Panzergranate, Large Antitank Rifle Grenade.

e. 46-MM HOLLOW-CHARGE RIFLE GRENADE (S.S. Gewehr Panzergranate 46). (1) General description. This rifle grenade has a streamlined body with a maximum diameter of 46 mm. The body is treated against corrosion and is closed by a conical unpainted impact cap. The stem is of steel and fits into the standard 30-mm discharger cup. It has a pre-rifled rotating band. The base plug is conical in shape. The propelling cartridge consists of a lacquered steel 7.92-mm cartridge case crimped at the neck and sealed with wax. The cap is yellow.

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(2) Characteristics.

(3) Performance. Static test indicates that the penetration at long ranges is approximately 90 mm of homogeneous armor. At short range (approximately 18 feet) the penetration was 70 mm. A1/4-inch mild steel plate, spaced 11 inches in front of the armor, completely nullified the effect on the armor.

Figure 122.--SS <i>Gewehr Panzergranate 46, 46-mm. Hollow-Charge Rifle Grenade
Figure 122.--SS Gewehr Panzergranate 46, 46-mm. Hollow-Charge Rifle Grenade.

Figure 123.--Gewehr Panzergranate 61, 61-mm. Hollow-Charge Rifle Grenade
Figure 123.--Gewehr Panzergranate 61, 61-mm. Hollow-Charge Rifle Grenade.

f. 61-MM HOLLOW-CHARGE RIFLE GRENADE (S.S. Gewehr Panzergranate 61). (1) General description. This is a hollow-charge rifle grenade similar to the SS Gewehr Panzergranate 46 but having a streamlined body of larger dimensions.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Performance. Static tests indicate that the maximum penetration of homogeneous armor at the extreme range of 220 yards will be approximately 126 mm. At a range of approximately 18 feet the penetration falls to 100 mm. A 1/4-inch mild steel plate, spaced 11 inches in front of the main armor, completely defeats the grenade.

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g. HOLLOW-CHARGE RIFLE GRENADE. This late type hollow-charge rifle grenade is similar in appearance to the Gewehr Panzergranate 61. It differs, however, in having an impact cap that is approximately hemispherical and unpainted. The grenade is 9.61 inches long and its greatest diameter is 2.4 inches. The base is rifled for firing from the standard grenade launcher.

Figure 124.--Gewehr Fellschirmleuchtgranate, Parachute Star Rifle Grenade
Figure 124.--Gewehr Fellschirmleuchtgranate, Parachute Star Rifle Grenade.

h. ILLUMINATING PARACHUTE RIFLE GRENADE (Gewehrfallschirmleuchtgranate). (1) General description. This illuminating parachute grenade has a cylindrical steel body. At the front is a conical cap with round tip, and at the rear a base rifled to engage the rifling in the standard grenade launcher. Within the body is a delay pellet, an ejection charge, and a container holding the parachute, rigging, and star flare. This container incorporates a second delay pellet, and a second ejection charge for the parachute and flare. The grenade is fired by a cartridge case containing 1.5 grams (0.05 ounce) of propelling charge. The cartridge is closed by a wooden bullet.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Operation. When the grenade is fired, the flash from the propellent gases ignites the delay pellet in the base of the grenade. After 61/2 seconds an ejection charge explodes and ejects the container holding the parachute and star. Simultaneously a second delay pellet in the container is initiated. Two seconds later, the parachute ejection charge is set off and the parachute and star are ejected.

>Figure 125.--Gewehr Propagandagranate, Propaganda Rifle Grenade
Figure 125.--Gewehr Propagandagranate, Propaganda Rifle Grenade.

i. PROPAGANDA RIFLE GRENADE (Gewehr Propagandagranate). (1) General description. This grenade, which weighs 8 ounces when filled, is fired from the standard launcher. The grenade body is a cylindrical steel tube, closed by a loose-fitting ballistic cap. The propaganda leaflets are enclosed in two semi-cylindrical steel covers within the body and rest on a cup-shaped platform. The tail element, with the usual pre-rifled

base, contains the ejecting charge and a delay train. The propellent is contained in the usual type of blank cartridge, distinguished by a red band.

(3) Operation. The delay train is ignited by the flash from the propellent and detonates the ejecting charge. The platform, leaflets, leaflet covers, and ballistic cap are ejected during flight. The maximum range is approximately 500 yards.

Figure 126.--Gewehr Granatpatrone, Rifle Spigot Grenade
Figure 126.--Gewehr Granatpatrone, Rifle Spigot Grenade.

j. HIGH EXPLOSIVE ANTITANK HOLLOW-CHARGE RIFLE GRENADE (Gewehr Granatpatrone 30). (1) General description. This grenade consists of a streamlined bell-shaped body, closed in front by a slightly convex closing disc of aluminum, a graze fuze screwed into a projection on the base of the body, and a finned tail unit screwed to the fuze base. It is fired from the standard rifle (Gewehr 98) fitted with a spigot type launcher and using blank cartridges with wooden bullets. The bursting charge is cast cyclonite wax with hemispherical cavity in the head. This cavity has an aluminum liner.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Operation. When the grenade is fired, the propellent gases shatter the wooden bullet and shear a safety pin by forcing forward a cutting member. In the armed position, the striker is withheld from the detonator by a creep spring and initiates the grenade when it hits or grazes a target.

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3. GRENADES FOR SMOOTH BORE SIGNAL PISTOL (Leuchtpistole)

a. HIGH EXPLOSIVE PROJECTILE FOR SIGNAL PISTOL (Wurfkörper 361, Leuchtpistole). This projectile consists of the normal egg hand grenade with a stem screwed on in place of the powder train time fuze. The stem contains a powder train fuze (with a delay of approximately 41/2 seconds) with a No. 8 detonator at the upper end. In the lower end the projectile carries the cartridge (propellent charge with percussion cap) which expels the grenade and sets off the time fuze. The projectile is secured to the stem by a split pin and ring which must be withdrawn before the projectile is loaded into the signal pistol. The projectile is then armed. A removable liner must be inserted in the tube of the signal pistol before firing this grenade. The liner is inserted from the breech end and held in place by a projecting stud engaging with the upper surface of the breech. (See Section II for a description of signal pistols.)

Figure 127. --Wurfkörper 361, Leuchtpistole, modified egg grenade for signal pistol
Figure 127. --Wurfkörper 361, Leuchtpistole, modified egg grenade for signal pistol.

Figure 128. --Wurfgranatpatrone 326, Leuchtpistole, HE projectile for signal pistol
Figure 128. --Wurfgranatpatrone 326, Leuchtpistole, HE projectile for signal pistol.

b. HIGH EXPLOSIVE PROJECTILE FOR SIGNAL PISTOL (Wurfgranatpatrone 326, Leuchtpistole). (1) General description. This projectile, which is painted yellow, has the appearance of a small mortar shell. It is attached to a signal cartridge case by crimping. The head is hollow and contains a fixed needle which is separated from a pellet containing the detonator assembly and a 7-gram (0.247 ounce) TNT bursting charge by a creep spring.

(2) Operation. A pin inserted through the tail of the bomb pushes two metal balls into a groove and thus prevents the pellet from moving forward against the needle. On firing the projectile is automatically armed, since the pin is left behind. On impact the pellet is thrown forward onto the needle.

c. HOLLOW CHARGE GRENADE FOR SIGNAL PISTOL (Panzerwurfkörper 42, Leuchtpistole). (1) General description. This grenade is fired up to a maximum range of 75 yards from the Leuchtpistole, using the reinforcing sleeve, stock, and combined front and rear sight. The grenade has a pear-shaped head containing the hollow charge and is fitted with an impact cap. The grenade tapers to form a tail tube with pre-rifling for screwing into the reinforcing sleeve. A thinner tube, containing the propellent, percussion cap, and a shearing and propelling bolt, is inserted into the end of the tail tube.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Operation. The complete grenade is loaded into the pistol from the muzzle end. The propellent tube fits freely into the bore until the pre-rifled band meets the muzzle of the reinforcing sleeve, when the grenade must be screwed into the rifling. On firing, the propellent gases drive the propelling and shearing bolt forward. This bolt breaks a shear pin in the front end of the propelling tube and discharges the grenade. The graze fuze in the tail tube is armed by setback as the grenade leaves the pistol.

d. SMOKE EGG GRENADE (Nebeleihandgranate 42/II). This grenade reportedly can be fired from the Leuchtpistole. No details are available, however. It seems probable that the Nebeleigranate 42 has been modified for firing from the signal pistol, using the reinforcing sleeve, in the same way as the Eihandgranate 39 was modified to produce the Wurfkörper 361 L.P.

e. TIME FUZED HIGH EXPLOSIVE ROUND FOR SIGNAL PISTOL (Sprenggranatpatrone, Leuchtpistole Mit Z.Z.). This is a new type of signal pistol ammunition designed for shooting from tanks or equivalent cover. The round consists of a heavy cased high explosive projectile with a 1-second time fuze in the base and a varnished steel cartridge case. Packing cases for these grenades bear the following inscription:

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"Achtung! nur aus Panzer oder gleichwertiger Decken verfeuern. Brennzeit I Sek." ("Danger! Only to be fired from tanks or equivalent cover. Time of burning 1 second.")

4. Grenades for Modified Rifled Grenade and Signal Pistol

a. HIGH EXPLOSIVE GRENADE (Sprengpatrone für Kampfpistole). This round consists of a die-cast aluminum cartridge case into which the projectile is fitted. A percussion cap and propellent are in the base of the cartridge case. Ten holes in a plate above the propellent charge lead the gases to the base of the projectile. The projectile has a rifled aluminum body containing two bursting charges of penthrite wax and a point detonating fuze which is armed as the projectile leaves the muzzle of the pistol. The projectile may be recognized by the letters "Spr. Z." stencilled on the base.

b. SMOKE GRENADE (Nebelpatrone für Kampfpistole). (1) General description. Externally this projectile is similar to the high explosive projectile. Internally it contains a smoke generator. It is fitted with a point detonating fuze similar to that used in the high explosive projectile, except that there is a charge of gunpowder in place of the detonator below the flash cap.

(3) Operation. The projectile functions on impact. The internal charge of gunpowder is ignited by the flash cap and blows off the nose. At the same time the smoke generator is ignited. The smoke generator is projected a considerable distance from the point of impact.

Figure 129.--Sprengpatrone Fur Kampf pistole, HE Grenade for Kampf pistole
Figure 129.--Sprengpatrone Fur Kampf pistole, HE Grenade for Kampf pistole.

c. ORANGE SMOKE GRENADE (Deutpatrone für Kampf pistole). (1) General description. Externally this projectile is similar to the Nebelpatrone, except that it has no nose fuze. The head is parabolic. The grenade is filled with an orange smoke composition. In a central cavity are four strands of quick-match connected to a gunpowder pellet in the center of the projectile base. The smoke jets at the base are covered with a thick pad of compressed paper which is burst by the smoke pressure. "Deut. Z." is stencilled on the base.

(2) Operation. When the projectile leaves the cartridge case, the gunpowder pellet is ignited and, after a delay, the quick-match ignites and in turn ignites the smoke mixture.

d. PARACHUTE FLARES (Fallschirmleuchtpatrone für Kampf pistole). (1) General description. Externally this has the general appearance of the other types. It has a black bakelite head with a white spot in the center. The base of the projectile has a screwed-in plug which is perforated to hold a gunpowder pellet. Above this is a flare with parachute attached. "F. Leucht. Z." is stencilled on the base.

(2) Operation. On firing the flash from the propellent ignites the gunpowder pellet which, after a delay, ignites the flare. The bakelite head is blown off and the illuminating type flare ejected.

e. MESSAGE GRENADE (Nachrichtpatrone für Kampf pistole). (1) General description. This grenade consists of a pre-rifled aluminum body, with a plastic head, and an aluminum cartridge case. The black plastic head, which screws onto the body, contains a message form and pencil. The body contains a smoke generator, a colored silk streamer, and an ejecting charge. The body is closed by a screwed-in base plate with a gunpowder delay pellet. Stencilled on the base are the letters "Nachr. Z".

(2) Operation. When the projectile is fired, the flash from the propellent ignites the delay in the grenade base plate. This in turn ignites the ejecting charge and expels the message container, smoke generator, and streamer.

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Section IX. OTHER WEAPONS

1. Remote Controlled Demolition Vehicles

a. GENERAL. Three main types of remote controlled demolition vehicles in use by the German army have been identified. These are the Goliath which is line controlled, the B-IV controlled by radio, and the N.S.U.-Springer which has not been encountered in the field. These vehicles have been unsuccessful in action; they usually have been stopped by small arms fire.

b. GOLIATH. (1) General description. This vehicle has been produced in two models; one driven by a gasoline engine; the other by an electric motor. The two models have roughly the same external appearance and resemble miniature versions of the type of tanks used during the war of 1914-1918. The Goliath's hull is divided into three compartments by transverse bulkheads. The explosive charge is carried in the front compartment; the engine (in the gasoline driven version) and control gear are in the center, and the drum carrying the coiled cable is in the rear compartment. In the electrically driven model, a battery and motor are carried in sponsons on both sides. Hinged steel covers give access to the cable compartment and the engine space. The vehicle is driven by front sprockets. There are four bogie wheels, mounted on lever arms with simple coil springing, and a rear idler. A small jockey wheel is mounted between the driving sprocket and the first bogie wheel on each side.

(2) Specifications.

(3) Operation.

The Goliath is transported to the front line on a two-wheeled trailer. After it has been unloaded from the trailer and started toward its target it is controlled through the three-core cable, about 2,000 feet long, which unwinds from the rear and is connected to the operator's control panel. In the electrically driven type, this control is direct to the motors which drive each track individually. In the gasoline-driven model, the control operates magnetic clutches which control the tracks. There is no provision for reversing the vehicle. The charge is fired by a dry cell battery in the control unit: Firing is initiated by throwing a switch on the control panel; the firing circuit runs through the two outer wires in the three-core cable. The Goliath is expendable and is destroyed when its demolition charge is set off.

c. B-IV. (1) General description. This radio-controlled demolition vehicle, larger than the Goliath, also has been generally unsuccessful. The hull of the B-IV is constructed of poorly welded 8-mm armor plate. It is divided into an engine compartment at the rear, a driver's compartment on the right front, and a radio equipment compartment on the left front. The vehicle is fully tracked, with front driving sprocket, five bogie wheels, and a rear idler on each side. A six-cylinder gasoline engine is fitted in the left-hand side of the engine compartment; two gasoline tanks are on the right, and in the center is the hydraulic mechanism for operating the engine under radio control.

(2) Specifications.

(3) Operation.

The B-IV is driven under its own power to the line of departure near the target, usually an emplacement or pillbox. The control transmitter of the radio equipment, retained by the driver when he dismounts, is used to steer the vehicle to its destination. In contrast to the Goliath the B-IV is not expendable, but deposits its load of explosive at the target and returns. The TNT demolition charge is in a container which rests on the sloping front of the vehicle. The charge is released either directly by radio control, or by a trip mechanism which operates when the vehicle is reversed.

d. N.S.U.-Springer. (1) General description. This vehicle has not been encountered in action, but it is known to be a remotely controlled demolition vehicle of intermediate size. Lightly armored, it probably is no less vulnerable to attack than the Goliath or B-IV.

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Figure 130.--Demolition Charge (B1 Goliath). Top, front view; below, rear view.

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Figure 131.--Radio Controlled Demolition Vehicle (B-IV).

(2) Specifications.

2. Armored Trains

a. GENERAL. At the outset of the Polish and Dutch campaigns, German armored trains actually preceded the main forces and seized and held key railroad stations or bridges. More recently the Germans made extensive use of armored trains, particularly in Eastern Europe. Their main function has been to patrol and keep open railroads in areas of partisan and guerrilla operations, and their usefulness has been confined largely to operations against enemies who lack heavy weapons. Armored trains are under the direct control of the General Staff and are allotted to army groups. Each train carries a train commandant, who is usually also the infantry commander; an artillery commander; and a technical officer, responsible for the operation of the train itself.

b. COMPOSITION. The following details apply to a typical armored train with the nomenclature Epz.Bp.42:

In addition, composition of the train may include two tank transporter trucks, each carrying a Czech 38 (t) tank; two light armored Panhard reconnaissance vehicles, capable of traveling either on railroad tracks or across country; and two spare-parts trucks. Various other types of armored trains may be encountered, some incorporating components of an improvised nature, and in these the armor may be anything from boiler plate to railroad ties.

3. Aircraft Armament

a. GENERAL. The aircraft armament described in this section is limited to weapons such as machine guns and cannon which form an integral part of aircraft. The numerous types of bombs and mines which are carried in and dropped from aircraft do not form part of the standard attached armament and are not included here. There has been an increasing tendency to use aircraft machine guns on ground mounts, as illustrated by the use of the M.G.15 as a light machine gun and the M.G.151/15 and M.G.151/20 as triple, self-propelled, antiaircraft weapons. (See Section II, Small Arms, for details on use of aircraft machine guns in ground roles.)

b. 7.92-MM MACHINE GUN (M.G.15). (1) General description. This was the standard, rifle-caliber, free gun until superseded by the M.G. 81, It also is used by the infantry, with bipod and shoulder rest. The design is Solothurn. The gun fires only automatically.

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(2) Characteristics.

c. 7.92-MM MACHINE GUN (M.G. 17). (1) General description. This is the fixed gun version of the M.G.15. It fires only automatically. Non-disintegrating, sectionally disintegrating, and full-disintegrating ammunition belts are used with the gun.

(2) Characteristics.

d. 7.92-MM MACHINE GUN (M.G. 81). (1) General description. This gun has superseded the M.G.15 as the standard, rifle caliber, free gun. The high rate of fire of this gun, which is automatic only, precludes its use as a ground weapon.

(2) Characteristics.

e. 13-MM MACHINE GUN (M.G.131). (1) General description. This gun is compact and very light. Since it is electrically fired, there is no firing pin, and fire interruption or synchronization are facilitated greatly. The gun fires only automatically.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. The gun fires tracer, high explosive tracer, high explosive incendiary tracer, and armor-piercing tracer projectiles.

f. 15-MM MACHINE GUN (M.G.151/15). (1) General description. This Mauser-designed gun is percussion fired by solenoid control and is cocked electrically. It is basically identical in design with the M.G.151/20. This gun, which fires only automatically, has been triple mounted on a half-tracked vehicle and employed in a self-propelled antiaircraft role.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. This gun fires tracer, armor-piercing tracer, and high explosive incendiary tracer.

g. 20-MM MACHINE GUN (M.G.151/20). (1) General description. This is the 20-mm version of the Mauser M.G.151 design. It is only slightly different from the 15-mm gun. Barrels of the 15-mm and 20-mm models are not interchangeable. This gun also is issued in an electrically fired version, with a spring-loaded contact instead of a firing pin. Two types of ground

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mounts exist for the M.G.151/20, and there is a self-propelled antiaircraft version on a halftrack.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. Projectiles fired in this gun include high explosive, incendiary tracer, armor-piercing incendiary, armor-piercing high explosive, and high explosive incendiary.

h. 20-MM MACHINE GUN (Oerlikon F.F. and F.F.M.). (1) General description. This is the German air force version of the standard Oerlikon design. It is chambered to fit the short German 20-mm round, and the recoiling parts have been redesigned accordingly. The M.G. F.F. is a fixed gun. The M.G. F.F.M., a later version, is mechanically identical, but may have a cooling cowling and hand firing device for use as a free gun. Both models fire only automatically.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. Ball tracer, high explosive, high explosive tracer, high explosive incendiary tracer, and armor piercing projectiles are fired from this gun.

i. 30-MM MACHINE GUN (Mk.101). (1) General description. This heavy machine gun is of Rheinmetall Börsig design. It may be fired single shot or automatically. Two heavy coiled springs around the barrel are necessary to check recoil. This 30-mm machine gun is being replaced by the Model 108.

(2) Characteristics.

j. 30-MM MACHINE GUN (Mk. 108). (1) General description. The Model 108 is the latest 30-mm machine gun to be employed in aircraft and is replacing the Model 101.

(2) Characteristics.

(3) Ammunition. The high explosive tracer projectile fired from this gun weighs 11.22 ounces. Incendiary tracer projectiles are also fired.

k. 21-CM ROCKET. Single engine German fighters carry two of these rockets, while twin engined fighters carry four. The projectiles, 42.44 inches long and weighing 248 pounds, are projected from open end tubes 50.31 inches long. The rockets are fired by electricity. The launching tubes may be jettisoned by electrical detonator charges.

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Table of Contents
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Footnotes

1. Pz. Kpfw. is the German abbreviation for Panzerkampfwagen, meaning armored fighting vehicle or tank.

Transcribed and formatted by Patrick Clancey & Larry Jewell, HyperWar Foundation