Introduction to XHTML and CSS
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This document introduces XHTML and CSS. It begins with an overview of XML and how XHTML is a version of XML. It then discusses the basic structure and elements of XHTML, such as the DOCTYPE, tags for text formatting, lists, links, images and tables. Finally, it provides an introduction to cascading style sheets (CSS) and how they are used to separate document structure from presentation.
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Introduction to XHTML and CSS
- 1. Introduc)on to XHTML and CSS Jussi Pohjolainen Tampere University of Applied Sciences
- 3. Extensible Markup Language • XML is a specifica)on for crea)ng custom markup languages • Subset of SGML • XML languages: RSS, MathML, SVG, XHTML • W3C Recommenda)on
- 4. XML and SGML SGML XML RSS XHTML SVG HTML
- 5. XML Example <?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“utf-8”?>! <books>! !<book id=“A01”>! !!<title>Designing Web Usability</title>! !!<author>Jakob Nielsen</author>! !</book>! </books>!
- 6. XML Well Formed • XML Declara)on • One root-‐element • Every tag is opened and ended • ASributes inside “ ” • Case-‐sensi)vity
- 7. XML Example <?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“utf-8”?>! <!DOCTYPE books SYSTEM “books.dtd”>! <books>! !<book id=“A01”>! !!<title>Designing Web Usability</title>! !!<author>Jakob Nielsen</author>! !<book>! </books>!
- 8. DTD Example: books.dtd <!ELEMENT books (book+)>! <!ELEMENT book (title, author)>! <!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)>! <!ELEMENT author (#PCDATA)>! <!ATTLIST book id ID #REQUIRED>!
- 9. XML Valid • XML document is valid, when it follows it’s dtd • Valida)on can be done only, if the xml document has dtd (or schema) • XHTML strict 1.0 dtd: – hSp://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-‐ strict.dtd
- 10. EXTENSIBLE HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
- 11. XHTML • XHTML is a XML based language • XHTML 1.0 / 1.1: – Strict – Transi)onal – Frameset
- 12. XHTML Example <?xml version="1.0"?>! <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"! "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">! <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">! <head>! <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />! <title>XHTML 1.0 Example</title>! </head>! <body>! <p>This is a example.</p>! </body>! </html>!
- 13. General Form • XHTML consists of – Xml-‐declara)on – Document type – XHTML -‐ document • head • body
- 14. XHTML Basic Structure • Every element is wriSen in lower case • If element does not contain anything, it’s empty element: – <br></br> <!– line break -‐-‐> – <hr></hr> <!– horizontal line -‐-‐> – <img src=”pic.jpg" alt=”picture"></img> <!-‐-‐ picture -‐-‐> • Empty elements should be wriSen like this: – <br/> – <hr/> – <img src=”pic.jpg" alt=”picture"/>
- 15. Inden)ng • Indenta)on is free in xml • It’s easier to read the document, if you use indenta)on • One indenta)on: 4 spaces: <ul> ____<li>Carrot</li> ____<li>Tomato</li> </ul>
- 16. Commen)ng • It’s possible to add comments to xhtml – documents: • <!-‐-‐ and here we have a list -‐-‐>
- 17. Document types <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-‐//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" " hSp://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-‐strict.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-‐//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transi)onal//EN" " hSp://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-‐transi)onal.dtd">a <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-‐//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN" " hSp://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-‐frameset.dtd">
- 18. Head • Compulsary: )tle • Meta-‐informa)on – See: hSp://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/webjulk/1.6.html • Possible linking to stylesheets
- 19. Text -‐ elements • p • S • br • i • blockquote • b • pre • big • em • small • strong • sub • code • sup
- 20. Lists • ul: unordered list • ol: ordered list • dl: defini)on list • ul and ol items are marked as li • In dl items are marked as dt and dd
- 21. Links • See: – hSp://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/webjulk/1.5.html • Link to outside – <a href="hSp://www.tamk.fi">tamk</a> • Link within page – <a href=”dog.html">Dog</a>
- 22. Images • Use gif, jpeg or png • img-‐element: – <img src=”pic.jpg" alt=”alterna)ve text"/> • Img as link – <a href=”dog.html"><img src=”dog.png" alt=”dog"/></a>
- 23. Tables Title Title Title Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell Cell
- 24. Tables <table> <tr> <td>cell</td> <td>cell</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cell</td> <td>cell</td> </tr> </table>
- 25. Table: Heading <table> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Telephone</th> <th>Telephone</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Bill Gates</td> <td>555 77 854</td> <td>555 77 855</td> </tr> </table>
- 26. Combining Rows and Cols <table> <tr> <td colspan="3">Title</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Title</td> <td colspan="2">cell</td> </tr> <tr> <td>cell</td> <td>cell</td> <td>cell</td> </tr> </table>
- 28. CSS • CSS is a stylesheet language used to describe the presenta)on of a document wriSen in markup language • Usually used with (x)html • Defining fonts, colors and layout • Separates document content and presenta)on
- 29. History • CSS1 spec finished 1996, it took three years before browsers supported CSS1 • 2000 IE 5.0 for Mac was the first browser to fully support CSS1 • => CSS Filtering • S)ll hundreds of bugs in browsers
- 30. CSS support today • Compe))on – Mozilla Gecko engine (FireFox, Mozilla) – Presto Layout engine (Opera) – WebKit (Apple Safari, Konquer, S60 Browser) – Internet Explorer • CSS and browser compa)bility: – hSp://www.quirksmode.org/css/contents.html
- 31. Before CSS • Presenta)on was part of the document structure: <h2 align="center"> <font color="red" size="+4" face="Times New Roman, serif"> <i>Usage of CSS</i> </font> </h2> • Many problems…
- 32. Using CSS • Structure is clear: <h2>Usage of CSS</h2> • Presenta)on is clear: h2 { text-align: center; color: red; font: italic large "Times New Roman", serif; }
- 33. CSS Possibili)es • Colors, fonts, layout, sizes, borders.. • Possible to do different css – files for prin)ng, mobile devices, desktop computers. • See – hSp://www.csszengarden.com/
- 34. CSS Linking <html> <head> <title>Page</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="screen.css" /> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>paragraph</p> </body> </html>
- 35. CSS Linking <html> <head> <title>Sivu</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="screen.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="handheld" href="mobile.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="print.css" /> </head> <body> <h1>Title</h1> <p>paragraph</p> </body> </html>
- 36. CSS General Form • CSS general form – selector declara)on • Example: – h1 { color: blue; } • h1 = selector • color: blue; = declara)on
- 37. Selectors • Element (h1) • Class (.important) • Class (h1.important) • ID (#important) • Contextual (h1 p) • Pseudo (a:link)
- 38. Element • XHTML: <h1>Otsikko</h1>! • Css: h1 {! color: RGB(255,0,0);! }!
- 39. Class • XHTML: <h1 class="tarkea">Otsikko</h1>! <p>Tässä tekstiä ja tämä <span class="tarkea">erityisen tärkeää tekstiä</span></p>! <p class="tarkea">Ja tämä vasta tärkeää onkin</p>! • Css: .tarkea {! color: RGB(255,0,0);! }!
- 40. Class • Css: h1.tarkea {! color: RGB(255,0,0);! }!
- 41. ID • XHTML: <h1 id="paaotsikko">Otsikko</h1>! • Css: #paaotsikko {! color: RGB(255,0,0);! }!
- 42. Contextual • XHTML: <ul>! <li>Porkkana</li>! </ul>! • Css: ul li{! color: RGB(255,0,0);! }! • This is different! • h1, p{! color: RGB(255,0,0);! }!
- 43. Pseudo • Example: <a href="http://www.tamk.fi/">TAMK</a>! a:link { color: red; }! a:visited { color: blue; }! a:active { color: lime; }! a:hover { color: green; }!
- 44. Font-‐family • sans-‐serif, example: Helve)ca • serif, example: Times • cursive, example: Zapf-‐Chancery • fantasy, example: Impact • monospace, example: Courier • Example: – font-‐family: verdana, arial, sans-‐serif
- 45. font-‐style, font-‐weight • Font-‐style – normal (default), italic, oblique – example: • font-‐style: italic; • Font-‐weight: – normal, bold, bolder, lighter, 100, 200 ... 900 – normal = 400 – bold = 700 – bolder and lighter
- 46. font-‐size • It’s possible to define the font size absolutely, rela)vely, using unit of length or by percentage – font-size: x-small; /* absolute */ – font-size: larger; /* relative */ – font-size: 12pt; /* unit of length */ – font-size: 80%; /* percentage */
- 47. Colors color: red; color: rgb(255,0,0); color: #FF0000; color: #F00;
- 48. Background • Background color: – background-‐color: #C0C0C0; • Background image: – background-‐image: url("marble.gif"); – Repeat • repeat (default): repeat both direc)ons • repeat-‐x: repeat horizontally • repeat-‐y: repeat ver)cally • no-‐repeat: no repeat – background-‐aSachment: fixed | scroll • Is the image s)ll or does it move when scrolling
- 49. Background Image Posi)on background-position: right top; /* right upper-corner */ background-position: 100% 0%; /* right upper-corner */ background-position: 100%; /* right upper-corner */ background-position: center bottom;/* center bottom */ background-position: 50% 100%; /* center bottom */ background-position: 100%; /* right top */ background-position: 50% 10px; /* center 10 pixels from top */
- 50. Text Features • word-‐spacing • leSer-‐spacing • text-‐decora)on – underline – overline – line-‐through – blink
- 51. Text Features • ver)cal-‐align – baseline, middle, sub, super, text-‐top, text-‐boSom, top, boSom, prosenyluku • text-‐transform – capitalize, uppercase, lowercase • text-‐align – lez, right, center, jus)fy • text-‐indent • line-‐height